Ding 2002.

Methods	Study design: cross‐over RCT Study time frame: not stated Duration of follow‐up: 12 months
Participants	Country: Italy Setting: single centre Stable maintenance HD patients Mean duration on dialysis: 83.5 months Number: 12 Sex (M/F): 8/4 Mean age ± SD: Mean 49.7 ± 11.3 years Exclusion criteria: not stated
Interventions	Treatment group HDF treatments carried out using F‐60s high‐flux polysulfone dialysers QB: 250 mL/min QD: Pre‐dilution 620 mL/min, post‐dilution 720 to 740 mL/min Infusion flow rate: pre‐dilution 180 mL/min, post‐dilution 60 to 80 mL/min Control group AFB was buffer free and acidosis was corrected with a 166 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate solution as the substitution fluid QD: 500 mL/min Infusion fluid rate: 25 to 30 mL/min Co‐interventions: not stated
Outcomes	URR B2 microglobulin reduction rate
Notes	Exclusions post randomisation: 3 patients violated the study protocol Stop or end point/s: not stated Additional data requested from authors: none requested Funding: not stated
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not stated
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not stated
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	"A second patient refused to finish post‐HDF and insisted that AFB be tried because of his unbearable shoulder"
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	No intention‐to‐treat analysis; 3 patients violated the study protocol (one patient's fistula failed during the second month of pre‐HDF; one refused to finish post‐HDF; one patient had severe headache accompanied by poorly controlled hypertension at the end of pre‐HDF shift and dropped out of the study before starting post‐HDF modality)
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Data for end of first phase of treatment not available
Other bias	High risk	Carry over effect present because of the cross‐over design