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. 2023 Dec 20;14:1353708. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1353708

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Copyright © 2023 Ye, Xu, Chen, Liu and Cheng

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Breast cancer microenvironment is populated by diverse infiltrating immune cells. These immune cells are categorized into immunosuppressive population and immunostimulating population (e.g.) according to their major characteristics in modulating breast cancer. The immunosuppressive cells include polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs), monocytic MDSC (Mo-MDSC), regulatory T cells (Treg), mast cells (MC), M2-like macrophages and type 2/3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC 2/3). The immunostimulating cells include tumor infiltrating lymphocytes CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, nature killer cells/type 1 innate lymphoid cells (NK/ILC1), dendritic cells (DCs) and eosinophils. This figure is reproduced with permission from “The Crosstalk Between Tumor Cells and the Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy, doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.610303” Copyright ^©2021 Frontiers.