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. 2024 Jan 4;15:205. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-44233-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Illustration showing the significance of VAP (orange rounded rectangle) as a spatial organizer in stabilizing mitochondrial compartments (light orange) to support plasticity-induced spines (lightning bolt) and adjacent spines (light gray). The WT dendritic segment with normal VAP expression and mitochondrial stabilization exhibits spine structural plasticity in plasticity-induced and adjacent spines within 30 μm. VAP deletion shortens and destabilizes mitochondria (short light orange mitochondria that are mobile with light orange dashed arrows) in the dendrites and abolishes spine structural plasticity sustenance in both plasticity-induced and adjacent spines within 30 μm. VAP is a spatial organizer in stabilizing mitochondrial compartments via ER-actin-tethering (cyan ER and black actin filaments) for sustained synaptic plasticity formation. VAP also functions as the spatial ruler, determining the 30 μm dendritic segment supported by a mitochondrial compartment. These data emphasize the importance of VAP as a molecular tether in locally stabilizing a mitochondrial compartment to support the synaptic and clustered synaptic plasticity required for learning and development.