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. 2024 Jan 4;14:568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49964-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extraretinal neovascular plaques and distribution of vascular flow by axial location within the neovascular plaques on handheld optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Top row: en face OCTA flow; Second and third rows: B-scans with flow overlay; Bottom row: en face sub-sectional flow (generated by the percentage of distance from the top to bottom of the neovascular plaque). In three eyes with treatment requiring-ROP, extraretinal neovascular plaques were found elevated from the retinal surface along the vascular-avascular junction. On OCT B-scans with flow overlay, the retinal vascular flow signal extends to the edge or beyond the edge of the neovascular plaque (arrowheads). The vascular flow signal on cross-section on B-scans with flow overlay and the sub-sectional flow analysis (Full, 0–33%, 33–67%, and 67–100%) showed finer capillaries at the surface of the plaque (vitreous side) and larger, more dilated capillaries at the bottom of the plaque (retina side).