Fig. 3.

Detection of cryptic exons in the amygdala from Alzheimer’s disease patients correlates with the burden of phosphorylated TDP-43 but not Tau or Amyloid-β. a Representative immunofluorescence images showing full-length TDP-43 (red), phosphorylated TDP-43 (green) and DAPI (blue) of two controls and six Alzheimer’s disease patients. Top panels show merged images and lower insets show grayscale images of TDP-43 or phosphorylated TDP-43. Scale bar is 10 µm. b Example micrographs of post-mortem brain tissue from one control and two Alzheimer’s disease patients after immunohistochemical detection of phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP43), total Tau and Amyloid-β. Scale bar is 100 µm in larger panels, and 10 µm in insets. c–e Percentage of area occupied by phosphorylated TDP-43 (c), tau (d) or amyloid-β (e) staining in the amygdala of controls or Alzheimer’s disease patients with or without detection of cryptic exons. For each case five regions of interest of equal size were selected and the positive signal for the different markers determined and averaged. Data represent mean ± SEM, each dot represents an individual patient. Normal distribution of data was tested using D’Agostino & Pearson test and one-way ANOVA, followed by Holm-Šídák’s Multiple comparisons post-hoc test (parametric) or Kruskal–Wallis, followed by a Dunn’s Multiple comparisons post-hoc test (non-parametric) were performed accordingly