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. 2023 Dec 1;55(12):2553–2563. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01122-w

Fig. 1. High cholesterol levels cause periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone loss.

Fig. 1

mRNA (a) and protein (b, c) levels of the indicated molecules in human GFs treated with cholesterol for 36 h (n ≥ 3). d, e Representative μCT images showing the results of BMD analysis and H&E staining images presenting the CEJ-ABC distance measurements in the maxilla region of ligature-induced PD mice fed a regular diet (RD) or high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 13 weeks (n = 8). Scale bar, 100 μm. f Representative images of MMP1, IL6, IL8, and COX-2 immunostaining from ligature-induced PD mice fed an RD or HCD. Magnification, ×1000. Scale bar, 25 μm. n indicates the number of biologically independent samples and mice per group. Values are presented as the mean ± SEM via two-tailed t-test (e) and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (a, b). (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).