Table 3.
Observational and genetic associations of denture use/the sum of decayed, missing, and filled tooth surfaces with related clinical risk factors
| Outcome | Observational | Genetics | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Risk coefficient (95% CI)a | Risk coefficient (95% CI)b | P adjusted | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.34 (0.31, 0.37) | −0.051 (−0.084, −0.018) | 0.010 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.13 (0.08, 0.18) | −0.044 (−0.081, −0.006) | 0.041 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.003 (0.003, 0.004) | 0.048 (0.013, 0.083) | 0.018 |
| Height (cm) | −0.45 (−0.50, −0.40) | 0.040 (0.013, 0.067) | 0.012 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.37 (0.22, 0.52) | 0.13 (−0.14, 0.40) | 0.379 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | −0.13 (−0.22, −0.05) | 0.15 (−0.01, 0.30) | 0.103 |
| Hba1c (%) | 0.007 (0.005, 0.010) | −0.013 (−0.029, 0.003) | 0.151 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | −0.034 (−0.037, −0.031) | −0.049 (−0.087, −0.010) | 0.030 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | −0.016 (−0.023, −0.009) | 0.006 (−0.035, 0.048) | 0.765 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.042 (0.034, 0.050) | 0.060 (0.023, 0.096) | 0.009 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.045 (−0.054, −0.035) | 0.033 (−0.009, 0.074) | 0.164 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.25 (0.22, 0.27) | — | — |
Linear regression models were conducted for the presence of denture use with cardiometabolic risk factors in observational analyses, with sociodemographic factors (age, sex, ethnicity, and education), socioeconomic status (Townsend deprivation index), family history of diabetes or CVD, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, BMI, baseline diabetes, medication use (antihypertensive or cholesterol-lowering drugs), SBP, and triglycerides adjusted where appropriate (see Supplementary material online, Methods for full description of each analysis). All causal estimates were calculated by using GSMR in GCTA (version 1.93.2) based on denture use/DMFS and other summary-level genetic data retrieved from publicly available genome-wide databases. A 5% false discovery rate was used to correct for multiple testing in MR analysis.
CI, confidence interval; DMFS, the sum of decayed, missing, and filled tooth surfaces; GSMR, generalized summary-data-based Mendelian randomization; Hba1c, haemoglobin A1c; MR, Mendelian randomization.
aRisk estimates expressed as the differences of values for continuous variables among individuals with the presence of denture use or not after adjusting the corresponding covariates.
bThe regression coefficients of denture use/DMFS with cardiometabolic risk factors were rescaled to the same scale used of denture use, with the interpretation as per log odds of denture use (details in Supplementary material online, Methods).