Table 4. Integrons, transposons, and insertion sequences associated to antimicrobial resistance genes in E. coli reported in Latin American countries.
| Genetic element | Rearrangement of genes that disseminate | Sample origin | Study country | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Integrons | ||||
| Class 1 and 2 | aacA4-catB3-dfrA1, aadA1, dfrA1, aadB, aacC, dfrA17 | Chicken | Mexico | [53, 54] |
| Clinical isolate | ||||
| Class 1 and 2 | dfrA12-orfF-aadA28, dfrA17-aadA5, dfrA29, aadA7, aadA29, dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA-aadA1, dfrA1-sat2-aadA30 | Canine isolates | Brazil | [55] |
| Class 1 and 2 | cat1, dfrA1, blaTEM−1, tetA, tetB, aac(6)-Ib | Cattle and swine | Chile | [34] |
| Class 1 | dfrA17, aadA5, sul1, sul2, sul3 | Clinical isolate | Uruguay | [56] |
| Class 1 | aadA1b, aadA2, aadA11cΔ, dfrB3-aadA1di-catB2-aadA6k | Biopurification | Argentina | [53] |
| Transposons | ||||
| Tn6242 | sul1, mphA, mphR | Clinical isolate | Mexico | [47] |
| Tn6652 | blaCTX-M-14, blaTEM-1 | Clinical isolate | Uruguay | [49] |
| Tn5387 | qnrB19 | Human | Peru | [43] |
| Bolivia | ||||
| Tn3000 | blaNDM-1 | ND | Brazil | [51] |
| Tn4401 | blaKPC | Clinical isolate | Argentina, Chile | [51, 57, 58] |
| Brazil | ||||
| Tn125 and Tn5393 | blaNDM-1 | ND | Colombia | [51] |
| Tn3 | mcr -5.3 | Horse | Brazil | [59] |
| Insertion sequences | ||||
| ISApl1-IS30 | mcr-1 | Clinical isolate | Colombia | [60] |
| Wild Animal | Argentina | |||
| Production Animals | Mexico | |||
| Human | Bolivia | |||
| IS1 | ND | Human | Argentina | [61] |
| Colombia | ||||
| IS26 | ND | Human | Argentina | [61, 62] |
| blaCTX-M-8, blaCTX-M-15 | Public wastewater treatment plants | Brazil | ||
| ISEcp1-IS10 | blaCTX-M-14 | Clinical isolate | Uruguay | [49] |
ND: Not described.