Table 1.
Global burden of TB attributable to alcohol and tobacco in 1990 and 2019, and the temporal trends from 1990 to 2019
| 1990 |
2019 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Characteristics
|
Death, n ×104 (95% UI)
|
ASDR per 100 000, n (95% UI)
|
Death, n ×104 (95% UI)
|
ASDR per 100 000, n (95% UI)
|
AAPC for ASDR (1990–2019), n (95% UI)
|
|
Attributable to cigarette smoking
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Overall |
30.94 (25.65, 36.23) |
7.45 (6.17, 8.72) |
18.31 (14.79, 21.9) |
2.21 (1.78, 2.64) |
−4.07 (−4.19, −3.95) |
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Males
|
28.28 (23.47, 33.14) |
14.6 (12.1, 17.09) |
16.8 (13.57, 20.18) |
4.24 (3.43, 5.09) |
−4.13 (−4.26, −4.01) |
|
Females
|
2.67 (1.93, 3.49) |
1.23 (0.89, 1.61) |
1.51 (1.09, 1.98) |
0.35 (0.25, 0.46) |
−4.26 (−4.48, −4.04) |
| SDI region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
High SDI
|
0.86 (0.734, 0.997) |
0.84 (0.72, 0.97) |
0.25 (0.201, 0.293) |
0.13 (0.11, 0.16) |
−5.31 (−5.50, −5.12) |
|
High-middle SDI
|
3.16 (2.71, 3.66) |
2.86 (2.45, 3.31) |
1.33 (1.13, 1.56) |
0.68 (0.57, 0.79) |
−3.97 (−4.69, −3.25) |
|
Low SDI
|
4.72 (3.55, 5.92) |
18.33 (13.63, 23.09) |
3.63 (2.7, 4.58) |
6.25 (4.65, 7.83) |
−2.59 (−2.77, −2.41) |
|
Low-middle SDI
|
13.34 (10.94, 15.86) |
21.15 (17.17, 25.17) |
8.23 (6.52, 10.17) |
5.78 (4.57, 7.15) |
−2.12 (−2.60, −1.63) |
|
Middle SDI
|
8.84 (7.32, 10.4) |
8.31 (6.86, 9.87) |
4.85 (3.97, 5.76) |
1.92 (1.57, 2.28) |
−3.46 (−3.67, −3.25) |
| GBD region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Andean Latin America
|
0.11 (0.09, 0.14) |
5 (3.79, 6.22) |
0.03 (0.02, 0.04) |
0.51 (0.34, 0.7) |
−6.31 (−6.87, −5.75) |
|
Australasia
|
0.003 (0.003, 0.004) |
0.14 (0.11, 0.16) |
0.001 (0.001, 0.002) |
0.03 (0.02, 0.04) |
−3.69 (−4.14, −3.25) |
|
Caribbean
|
0.03 (0.03, 0.04) |
1.28 (1, 1.57) |
0.02 (0.02, 0.03) |
0.44 (0.31, 0.58) |
−2.7 (−3.14, −2.26) |
|
Central Asia
|
0.15 (0.13, 0.17) |
2.86 (2.48, 3.26) |
0.14 (0.12, 0.17) |
1.54 (1.28, 1.82) |
−1.6 (−2.16, −1.04) |
|
Central Europe
|
0.23 (0.2, 0.26) |
1.6 (1.4, 1.82) |
0.06 (0.05, 0.08) |
0.36 (0.3, 0.44) |
−4.28 (−4.68, −3.89) |
|
Central Latin America
|
0.21 (0.17, 0.25) |
2.38 (1.89, 2.82) |
0.06 (0.05, 0.08) |
0.27 (0.19, 0.34) |
−5.55 (−5.89, −5.21) |
|
Central sub-Saharan Africa
|
0.48 (0.33, 0.65) |
17.72 (12.12, 23.73) |
0.56 (0.37, 0.8) |
8.2 (5.44, 11.6) |
−1.79 (−2.01, −1.57) |
|
East Asia
|
4.92 (3.98, 6.00) |
5.44 (4.39, 6.63) |
1.28 (0.99, 1.60) |
0.62 (0.48, 0.77) |
−6.64 (−7.07, −6.2) |
|
Eastern Europe
|
0.55 (0.48, 0.62) |
2 (1.75, 2.25) |
0.48 (0.4, 0.58) |
1.66 (1.37, 2.01) |
−0.1 (−1.94, 1.76) |
|
Eastern sub-Saharan Africa
|
1.95 (1.40, 2.50) |
23.55 (16.83, 30.37) |
1.61 (1.11, 2.21) |
8.25 (5.61, 11.35) |
−2.96 (−3.07, −2.86) |
|
High-income Asia Pacific
|
0.45 (0.38, 0.51) |
2.22 (1.91, 2.55) |
0.12 (0.1, 0.15) |
0.26 (0.21, 0.3) |
−5.9 (−6.24, −5.56) |
|
High-income North America
|
0.08 (0.06, 0.09) |
0.23 (0.18, 0.27) |
0.02 (0.02, 0.03) |
0.04 (0.03, 0.05) |
−4.3 (−4.41, −4.20) |
|
North Africa and Middle East
|
0.45 (0.36, 0.56) |
2.47 (1.94, 3.05) |
0.22 (0.17, 0.28) |
0.47 (0.36, 0.60) |
−6.47 (−6.67, −6.28) |
|
Oceania
|
0.03 (0.02, 0.04) |
8.17 (5.25, 11.67) |
0.03 (0.02, 0.05) |
3.71 (2.36, 5.33) |
−2.99 (−3.1, −2.87) |
|
South Asia
|
13.97 (11.17, 16.85) |
23.61 (18.72, 28.62) |
8.48 (6.58, 10.68) |
5.85 (4.55, 7.34) |
−2.45 (−3.35, −1.54) |
|
Southeast Asia
|
5.34 (4.32, 6.43) |
20.31 (16.3, 24.65) |
3.6 (2.9, 4.38) |
5.84 (4.71, 7.13) |
−1.6 (−1.81, −1.39) |
|
Southern Latin America
|
0.07 (0.06, 0.08) |
1.54 (1.3, 1.77) |
0.02 (0.02, 0.03) |
0.31 (0.25, 0.37) |
−4.87 (−5.05, −4.69) |
|
Southern sub-Saharan Africa
|
0.6 (0.47, 0.72) |
18.8 (14.84, 22.84) |
0.62 (0.47, 0.76) |
9.49 (7.27, 11.65) |
−1.23 (−1.84, −0.62) |
|
Tropical Latin America
|
0.27 (0.23, 0.31) |
2.58 (2.17, 2.96) |
0.1 (0.08, 0.12) |
0.38 (0.31, 0.46) |
−3.75 (−3.89, −3.6) |
|
Western Europe
|
0.26 (0.22, 0.31) |
0.47 (0.4, 0.55) |
0.06 (0.05, 0.07) |
0.07 (0.06, 0.08) |
−5.44 (−5.78, −5.1) |
|
Western sub-Saharan Africa
|
0.79 (0.58, 1.02) |
8.19 (5.93, 10.51) |
0.78 (0.57, 1.02) |
3.53 (2.59, 4.59) |
−2.16 (−2.36, −1.95) |
|
Attributable to alcohol consumption
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Overall |
22.91 (15.07, 29.96) |
5.35 (3.51, 7) |
20.96 (13.64, 27.42) |
2.54 (1.65, 3.33) |
−2.52 (−2.67, −2.36) |
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Males
|
20.21 (13.4, 26.22) |
10 (6.6, 12.92) |
18.53 (12.15, 24.18) |
4.69 (3.06, 6.12) |
−2.57 (−2.74, −2.4) |
|
Females
|
2.7 (1.60, 3.90) |
1.21 (0.72, 1.76) |
2.42 (1.41, 3.55) |
0.57 (0.33, 0.84) |
−2.59 (−2.74, −2.44) |
| SDI region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
High SDI
|
1.04 (0.75, 1.27) |
1.02 (0.74, 1.25) |
0.42 (0.29, 0.54) |
0.21 (0.14, 0.27) |
−6.12 (−6.27, −5.97) |
|
High-middle SDI
|
2.95 (2.06, 3.68) |
2.66 (1.85, 3.33) |
1.58 (1.08, 2.01) |
0.82 (0.57, 1.05) |
−4.87 (−5.42, −4.31) |
|
Low SDI
|
5.55 (3.44, 7.55) |
20.2 (12.42, 27.45) |
5.75 (3.54, 7.88) |
9.46 (5.81, 12.97) |
−3.64 (−3.90, −3.38) |
|
Low-middle SDI
|
7.06 (4.37, 9.73) |
10.3 (6.36, 14.26) |
8.19 (5.24, 10.95) |
5.49 (3.49, 7.39) |
−4.4 (−4.83, −3.97) |
|
Middle SDI
|
6.31 (4.20, 8.24) |
5.54 (3.66, 7.27) |
5 (3.26, 6.50) |
1.99 (1.30, 2.60) |
−4.91 (−5.11, −4.71) |
| GBD region |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Andean Latin America
|
0.31 (0.20, 0.41) |
11.53 (7.25, 15.42) |
0.1 (0.07, 0.15) |
1.71 (1.08, 2.50) |
−7.59 (−8.00, −7.16) |
|
Australasia
|
0.01 (0.001, 0.01) |
0.25 (0.19, 0.31) |
0 (0.001, 0.01) |
0.09 (0.06, 0.12) |
−5.52 (−5.94, −5.09) |
|
Caribbean
|
0.08 (0.05, 0.1) |
2.58 (1.76, 3.38) |
0.06 (0.04, 0.08) |
1.16 (0.75, 1.59) |
−3.57 (−4.09, −3.05) |
|
Central Asia
|
0.16 (0.11, 0.2) |
2.91 (1.99, 3.68) |
0.17 (0.11, 0.22) |
1.77 (1.19, 2.3) |
−2.12 (−2.36, −1.88) |
|
Central Europe
|
0.26 (0.19, 0.31) |
1.82 (1.35, 2.18) |
0.09 (0.07, 0.12) |
0.52 (0.37, 0.65) |
−5.07 (−5.41, −4.72) |
|
Central Latin America
|
0.3 (0.21, 0.38) |
3.04 (2.08, 3.85) |
0.14 (0.09, 0.19) |
0.58 (0.38, 0.78) |
−7.31 (−7.63, −6.99) |
|
Central sub-Saharan Africa
|
0.86 (0.48, 1.31) |
31.76 (17.78, 48.49) |
1.24 (0.69, 1.92) |
18.67 (10.41, 28.91) |
−2.6 (−2.80, −2.41) |
|
East Asia
|
3.93 (2.59, 5.19) |
4.29 (2.83, 5.67) |
1.19 (0.79, 1.59) |
0.59 (0.39, 0.79) |
−7.32 (−8.00, −6.62) |
|
Eastern Europe
|
0.63 (0.46, 0.75) |
2.32 (1.7, 2.79) |
0.59 (0.41, 0.74) |
2.11 (1.49, 2.65) |
−0.60 (−1.69, 0.50) |
|
Eastern sub-Saharan Africa
|
3.47 (2.16, 4.72) |
39.47 (24.12, 54.06) |
3.32 (2.02, 4.56) |
16.58 (10.19, 22.72) |
−3.56 (−3.63, −3.49) |
|
High-income Asia Pacific
|
0.51 (0.36, 0.62) |
2.57 (1.81, 3.18) |
0.22 (0.15, 0.3) |
0.44 (0.3, 0.58) |
−7.18 (−7.43, −6.93) |
|
High-income North America
|
0.08 (0.05, 0.10) |
0.23 (0.16, 0.28) |
0.04 (0.03, 0.05) |
0.06 (0.04, 0.08) |
−5.95 (−6.05, −5.84) |
|
North Africa and Middle East
|
0.11 (0.06, 0.16) |
0.54 (0.3, 0.77) |
0.04 (0.02, 0.06) |
0.08 (0.04, 0.12) |
−5.52 (−5.67, −5.37) |
|
Oceania
|
0.02 (0.01, 0.03) |
4.93 (2.46, 8.27) |
0.02 (0.01, 0.03) |
2.05 (0.89, 3.53) |
−2.69 (−2.81, −2.58) |
|
South Asia
|
6.87 (4.1, 9.8) |
10.29 (6.04, 14.77) |
7.62 (4.71, 10.83) |
4.99 (3.07, 7.16) |
−4.76 (−5.31, −4.20) |
|
Southeast Asia
|
1.88 (1.14, 2.68) |
6.53 (3.9, 9.43) |
2.5 (1.63, 3.34) |
4.05 (2.64, 5.44) |
−4.22 (−4.42, −4.01) |
|
Southern Latin America
|
0.12 (0.09, 0.15) |
2.64 (1.94, 3.17) |
0.05 (0.04, 0.06) |
0.62 (0.44, 0.78) |
−5.35 (−5.64, −5.05) |
|
Southern sub-Saharan Africa
|
0.77 (0.52, 0.99) |
22.51 (15.2, 29.33) |
1.04 (0.71, 1.33) |
15.67 (10.51, 20.01) |
−2.33 (−2.88, −1.78) |
|
Tropical Latin America
|
0.24 (0.16, 0.31) |
2.13 (1.38, 2.70) |
0.17 (0.12, 0.22) |
0.7 (0.48, 0.88) |
−6.35 (−6.49, −6.21) |
|
Western Europe
|
0.42 (0.31, 0.5) |
0.74 (0.55, 0.88) |
0.14 (0.1, 0.18) |
0.15 (0.1, 0.18) |
−6.49 (−6.83, −6.14) |
| Western sub-Saharan Africa | 1.9 (1.16, 2.68) | 19.98 (12.1, 28.35) | 2.2 (1.39, 2.98) | 10.49 (6.56, 14.29) | −2.81 (−3.03, −2.6) |
GBD – Global Burden of Disease, SDI – socio-demographic index, UI – uncertainty interval