Table 3. Sensitivity Analysis for the Association Between Child’s Bone Mineral Density and the Percentage of Residential Surrounding Green Space Within All Radii (100-3000 m)a.
| Radius, m | Main model (n = 327) | Main model + daily screen time (n = 275) | Main model + vitamin supplementation (n = 327) | Main model + daily dairy products consumption (n = 279) | Main model + season (n = 327) | Main model + neighborhood annual median income (n = 327) | Full model (n = 262) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference (95% CI), m/s | P value | Difference (95% CI), m/s | P value | Difference (95% CI), m/s | P value | Difference (95% CI), m/s | P value | Difference (95% CI), m/s | P value | Difference (95% CI), m/s | P value | Difference (95% CI), m/s | P value | |
| Total green | ||||||||||||||
| 100 | 13.88 (−5.56 to 33.32) | .16 | 12.90 (−8.28 to 34.09) | .23 | 13.50 (−5.97 to 32.98) | .17 | 18.56 (−2.15 to 39.26) | .08 | 15.01 (−4.83 to 34.85) | .14 | 15.50 (−4.25 to 35.25) | .12 | 20.47 (−4.45 to 45.39) | .11 |
| 300 | 26.23 (8.66 to 43.80) | .004 | 31.78 (11.81 to 51.74) | .002 | 26.05 (8.46 to 43.64) | .004 | 29.86 (10.36 to 49.36) | .003 | 26.52 (8.80 to 44.24) | .003 | 27.18 (9.51 to 44.86) | .003 | 31.98 (9.47 to 54.49) | .006 |
| 500 | 27.38 (9.63 to 45.13) | .003 | 33.78 (13.97 to 53.59) | .001 | 27.39 (9.64 to 45.15) | .003 | 30.18 (11.14 to 49.22) | .002 | 27.54 (9.68 to 45.41) | .003 | 28.05 (10.24 to 45.86) | .002 | 34.67 (12.28 to 57.05) | .003 |
| 1000 | 26.17 (6.40 to 45.94) | .01 | 34.41 (11.55 to 57.26) | .003 | 26.11 (6.32 to 45.90) | .01 | 28.97 (7.40 to 50.54) | .009 | 26.36 (6.47 to 46.26) | .01 | 26.60 (6.79 to 46.42) | .009 | 33.85 (9.87 to 57.83) | .006 |
| 3000 | 25.32 (5.25 to 45.40) | .01 | 29.22 (5.84 to 52.61) | .01 | 25.15 (5.05 to 45.24) | .01 | 25.80 (3.70 to 47.89) | .02 | 25.66 (5.42 to 45.90) | .01 | 25.38 (5.29 to 45.47) | .01 | 28.37 (4.15 to 52.58) | .02 |
| High green (>3 m) | ||||||||||||||
| 100 | 6.59 (−6.85 to 20.02) | .34 | 7.72 (−7.76 to 23.20) | .33 | 6.31 (−7.15 to 19.77) | .36 | 9.63 (−4.71 to 23.98) | .19 | 7.18 (−6.48 to 20.84) | .30 | 6.87 (−6.60 to 20.34) | .32 | 9.86 (−6.94 to 26.67) | .25 |
| 300 | 18.13 (1.99 to 34.27) | .03 | 18.82 (0.24 to 37.39) | .05 | 17.79 (1.61 to 33.98) | .03 | 19.27 (0.96 to 37.57) | .04 | 18.51 (2.25 to 34.78) | .03 | 18.72 (2.51 to 34.93) | .02 | 17.66 (−2.48 to 37.79) | .09 |
| 500 | 25.30 (7.93 to 42.68) | .004 | 28.11 (8.46 to 47.77) | .005 | 25.01 (7.60 to 42.42) | .005 | 26.92 (7.83 to 46.01) | .006 | 25.58 (8.09 to 43.06) | .004 | 25.96 (8.52 to 43.40) | .004 | 28.85 (7.25 to 50.45) | .009 |
| 1000 | 21.18 (1.59 to 40.78) | .03 | 26.16 (3.03 to 49.30) | .03 | 20.86 (1.23 to 40.48) | .04 | 22.82 (0.84 to 44.80) | .04 | 21.51 (1.79 to 41.23) | .03 | 21.88 (2.22 to 41.55) | .03 | 25.71 (1.63 to 49.79) | .04 |
| 3000 | 18.91 (0.07 to 37.74) | .05 | 22.25 (0.11 to 44.39) | .05 | 18.47 (−0.42 to 37.36) | .06 | 18.86 (−2.22 to 39.94) | .08 | 19.38 (0.37 to 38.38) | .05 | 19.20 (0.34 to 38.06) | .05 | 21.57 (−1.31 to 44.45) | .06 |
| Low green (≤3 m) | ||||||||||||||
| 100 | 6.30 (−11.71 to 24.32) | .49 | 3.80 (−16.6 to 24.20) | .71 | 6.27 (−11.76 to 24.29) | .49 | 7.40 (−12.43 to 27.24) | .46 | 6.44 (−11.67 to 24.56) | .48 | 7.44 (−10.81 to 25.70) | .42 | 7.42 (−14.56 to 29.39) | .51 |
| 300 | 10.07 (−5.61 to 25.75) | .21 | 16.65 (−1.74 to 35.04) | .08 | 10.39 (−5.31 to 26.09) | .19 | 14.02 (−3.66 to 31.70) | .12 | 9.87 (−5.96 to 25.7) | .22 | 10.31 (−5.40 to 26.01) | .20 | 16.66 (−3.15 to 36.47) | .10 |
| 500 | 4.27 (−12.35 to 20.89) | .61 | 9.59 (−9.12 to 28.30) | .31 | 4.88 (−11.80 to 21.57) | .56 | 7.73 (−12.06 to 27.52) | .44 | 4.06 (−12.68 to 20.81) | .63 | 4.29 (−12.35 to 20.92) | .61 | 8.54 (−12.12 to 29.21) | .42 |
| 1000 | 9.25 (−4.65 to 23.15) | .19 | 14.99 (−0.90 to 30.87) | .06 | 9.74 (−4.21 to 23.68) | .17 | 13.34 (−3.57 to 30.25) | .12 | 9.11 (−4.89 to 23.11) | .20 | 9.03 (−4.91 to 22.96) | .20 | 14.79 (−1.92 to 31.51) | .08 |
| 3000 | 19.16 (−0.29 to 38.61) | .05 | 22.46 (−0.99 to 45.90) | .06 | 20.11 (0.57 to 39.65) | .04 | 22.20 (−0.42 to 44.83) | .05 | 18.91 (−0.68 to 38.51) | .06 | 18.77 (−0.76 to 38.31) | .06 | 21.10 (−2.33 to 44.54) | .08 |
a
Estimates are presented as the difference (95% CI) in bone mineral density for an IQR increment in total green space (sum of high and low green), high green (>3 m), and low green (≤3 m) within a 100- to 3000-m radius. The main model was adjusted for the child’s sex, ethnicity, age, weight, and height at follow-up and by maternal educational level.