Table 3.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody (IgG) profile in study participants at baseline (days 0–5) and one-month follow-up (days 28–35)

Antibodies	Baseline	One-month follow-up	Change from baseline
NCP, ratio, units, median (IQR)	0.20 (0.10–1.86)	0.44 (0.28–2.15)	0.080^a	5.25 (3.12–6.93)	4.13 (3.76–5.20)	0.478 0.178^b	3.64 (1.64–6.11)	2.97 (1.61–4.10)	0.299
RBD/S1, BAU/ml, median (IQR)	35.2 (3.2–102.4)	62.4 (3.2–198.4)	0.357	312.0 (240.0–384.0)	230.4 (176.0–384.0)	0.072 0.012^b	225.9 (127.7–317.4)	105.6 (67.8–189.4)	0.012

Antibodies

Baseline

One-month follow-up

Change from baseline

Probiotic group (n = 22)

Placebo group (n = 22)

P –value

Probiotic group (n = 22)

Placebo group (n = 22)

P -value

Probiotic group (n = 22)

Placebo group (n = 22)

P -value

NCP, ratio, units, median (IQR)

0.20 (0.10–1.86)

0.44 (0.28–2.15)

0.080^a

5.25 (3.12–6.93)

4.13 (3.76–5.20)

0.478

0.178^b

3.64 (1.64–6.11)

2.97 (1.61–4.10)

0.299

RBD/S1, BAU/ml, median (IQR)

35.2 (3.2–102.4)

62.4 (3.2–198.4)

0.357

312.0 (240.0–384.0)

230.4 (176.0–384.0)

0.072

0.012^b

225.9 (127.7–317.4)

105.6 (67.8–189.4)

0.012

Abbreviations: NCP Nucleocapsid protein, RBD/S1 Receptor binding domain/spike, IQR An interquartile range, BAU The binding antibody units

^aDifference between the groups in the Mann–Whitney U-test

^bP-value after controlling the baseline value as a confounding factor in ANCOVA