Table 3.

Univariate analysis results for augmented screws with extensive epidural cement leakage

	Extensive epidural Leakage (n = 32)	Non-extensive epidural Leakage (n = 1866)	T/χ²/Z	P values
The type of basivertebral foramen (magistral/dispersed)	26/6	775/1091	20.346	< 0.001*
Volume of cement injected (ml)^a	2.56 ± 0.83	2.16 ± 0.78	− 2.876	0.004*
The distance between screw tip and the midline of vertebral body (mm)^a	4.27 ± 1.57	5.49 ± 2.39	2.894	0.004*
The distance between screw tip and the posterior wall of the vertebral body (mm)^a	21.56 ± 3.58	24.15 ± 3.22	4.491	< 0.001*
Cement extension into pedicle area (yes/no)	5/27	105/1761	5.760	0.016*
Screw design (solid/fenestrated)	10/22	418/1448	1.411	0.235

Bold values indiacte statistically significant difference

^aQuantitative variables are expressed as mean ± SD

*P < 0.05