Table 2.
Associations between sleep disturbances and emotional/behavioural difficulties
| Dependent variable | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDQ total difficulties score | Hyperactivity/inattention | Emotional problems | Conduct problems | Peer relationship problems | |||||||||||
| Independent variable | β (95 % CI) | P | Partial R2 | β (95 % CI) | P | Partial R2 | β (95 % CI) | P | Partial R2 | β (95 % CI) | P | Partial R2 | β (95 % CI) | P | Partial R2 |
| CSHQ total score | .363 (.277-.449) | <.001 | .138 | .100 (.061-.140) | <.001 | .056 | .126 (.094-.159) | <.001 | .123 | .071 (.044-.097) | <.001 | .060 | .065 (.037-.094) | <.001 | .048 |
| Age | .075 (-.083-233) | .118 | .002 | -.099 (-.172- -.027) | <.001 | .016 | .135 (.075-.195) | <.001 | .041 | -.041 (-.695- -.082) | .007 | .006 | .080 (.028-.132) | <.001 | .021 |
| Sex | -1.168 (-2.148- -.188) | <.001 | .011 | -.702 (-1.151- -.254) | <.001 | .021 | .177 (-.195-.548) | .117 | .002 | -.389 (-.695- -.082) | <.001 | .014 | -.253 (-.576-.070) | .010 | .005 |
| SES | -.398 (-.551- -.245) | <.001 | .052 | -.141 (-.211- -.071) | <.001 | .034 | -.087 (-.145- -.029) | <.001 | .018 | -.085 (-.133 --.037) | <.001 | .027 | -.085 (-.136- -.035) | <.001 | .025 |
| Sleep anxiety | .710 (.329-1.091) | <.001 | .031 | .082 (-.087-.250) | .111 | .002 | .403 (.264-.543) | <.001 | .072 | .066 (-.049-.181) | .059 | .003 | .159 (.039-.279) | <.001 | .016 |
| Age | .062 (-.110-.234) | .232 | .001 | -.115 (-.191- -.038) | <.001 | .021 | .146 (.083-.209) | <.001 | .047 | -.051 (-.103-.001) | .001 | .009 | .081 (.027-.135) | <.001 | .021 |
| Sex | -1.218 (-2.265- -.172) | <.001 | .012 | -.736 (-1.199- -.273) | <.001 | .023 | .186 (-.197-.569) | .109 | .002 | -.411 (-.728- -.095) | <.001 | .016 | -.257 (-.586-.072) | .010 | .006 |
| SES | -.414 (-.578- -.250) | <.001 | .056 | -.151 (-.224- -.079) | <.001 | .039 | -.084 (-.144- -.024) | <.001 | .017 | -.092 (-.141- -.042) | <.001 | .032 | -.087 (-.138- -.035) | <.001 | .026 |
| Night wakings | .674 (.207-1.141) | <.001 | .019 | .204 (.000-.409) | .001 | .009 | .203 (.027-.379) | <.001 | .012 | .098 (-.042-.238) | .021 | .005 | .169 (.023-.315) | <.001 | .012 |
| Age | .058 (-.117-.233) | .277 | .001 | -.102 (-.179- -.026) | <.001 | .016 | .126 (.060-.191) | <.001 | .034 | -.047 (-.100-.005) | .003 | .008 | .082 (.027-.137) | <.001 | .021 |
| Sex | -1.264 (-2.317- -.211) | <.001 | .013 | -.727 (-1.188- -.266) | <.001 | .022 | .139 (-.257-.535) | .246 | .001 | -.412 (-.728- -.095) | <.001 | .016 | -.265 (-.595-.064) | .008 | .006 |
| SES | -.457 (-.621- -.293) | <.001 | .069 | -.158 (-.229- -.086) | <.001 | .043 | -.107 (-.169- -.046) | <.001 | .028 | -.096 (-.145- -.047) | <.001 | .035 | -.096 (-.148- -.045) | <.001 | .033 |
| Daytime sleepiness | .512 (.327-.696) | <.001 | .065 | .127 (.045-.210) | <.001 | .021 | .193 (.124-.262) | <.001 | .068 | .109 (.053-.165) | <.001 | .034 | .082 (.023-.141) | <.001 | .018 |
| Age | -.067 (-.233-.098) | .179 | .001 | -.137 (-.211- -.063) | <.001 | .031 | .084 (.022-.145) | <.001 | .016 | -.070 (-.120- -.019) | <.001 | .017 | .056 (.003-.109) | .001 | .010 |
| Sex | -1.345 (-2.369- -.321) | <.001 | .015 | -.751 (-1.208- -.294) | <.001 | .024 | .115 (-.269-.498) | .323 | .001 | -.423 (-.734- -.113) | <.001 | .017 | -.285 (-.613-.043) | .004 | .007 |
| SES | -.458 (-.618- -.299) | <.001 | .070 | -.158 (-.229- -.086) | <.001 | .043 | -.108 (-.168- -.048) | <.001 | .029 | -.097 (-.145- -.048) | <.001 | .036 | -.096 (-.147- -.045) | <.001 | .033 |
| Sleep duration | 1.037 (.651-1.424) | <.001 | .061 | .309 (.137-.481) | <.001 | .029 | .269 (.122-.417) | <.001 | .030 | .269 (.153-.386) | <.001 | .048 | .190 (.066-.313) | <.001 | .022 |
| Age | -.070 (-.236-.096) | .165 | .002 | -.141 (-.214- -.067) | <.001 | .032 | .090 (.026-.153) | <.001 | .018 | -.073 (-.123- -.023) | <.001 | .019 | .054 (.001-.107) | .001 | .010 |
| Sex | -1.390 (-2.416- -.363) | <.001 | .016 | -.765 (-1.220- -.309) | <.001 | .025 | .103 (-.288-.495) | .383 | .001 | -.435 (-.744- -.127) | <.001 | .018 | -.293 (-.621-.034) | .003 | .007 |
| SES | -.446 (-.606- -.286) | <.001 | .066 | -.154 (-.225- -.083) | <.001 | .042 | -.104 (-.165- -.043) | <.001 | .026 | -.094 (-.142- -.046) | <.001 | .034 | -.094 (-.145- -.043) | <.001 | .031 |
| Sleep disordered breathing | .996 (.271-1.722) | <.001 | .017 | .380 (.063-.697) | <.001 | .013 | .273 (.001-.546) | .001 | .009 | .114 (-.103-.332) | .083 | .003 | .229 (.001-.456) | .001 | .009 |
| Age | .007 (-.162-.177) | .885 | .000 | -.116 (-.190- -.042) | <.001 | .022 | .110 (.046-.174) | <.001 | .028 | -.055 (-.106- -.004) | <.001 | .011 | .069 (.016-.122) | <.001 | .016 |
| Sex | -1.296 (-2.349- -.243) | <.001 | .014 | -.733 (-1.193- -.273) | <.001 | .023 | .129 (-.268-.525) | .285 | .001 | -.418 (-.734- -.101) | <.001 | .016 | -.274 (-.604-.055) | .006 | .006 |
| SES | -.427 (-.592- -.262) | <.001 | .060 | -.146 (-.218- -.074) | <.001 | .037 | -.099 (-.161- -.037) | <.001 | .024 | -.092 (-.142- -.043) | <.001 | .032 | -.089 (-.141- -.038) | <.001 | .028 |
| Parasomnias | .970 (.608-1.332) | <.001 | .061 | .362 (.203-.521) | <.001 | .045 | .311 (.174-.447) | <.001 | .046 | .152 (.042-.263) | <.001 | .017 | .145 (.029-.261) | <.001 | .014 |
| Age | .068 (-.100-.235) | .182 | .001 | -.094 (-.167- -.020) | <.001 | .014 | .130 (.067-.193) | <.001 | .038 | -.045 (-.096-.006) | .004 | .007 | .077 (.023-.261) | <.001 | .019 |
| Sex | -1.188 (-2.216- -.159) | <.001 | .011 | -.693 (-1.145- -.241) | <.001 | .020 | .165 (-.223-.554) | .161 | .002 | -.399 (-.713- -.084) | <.001 | .015 | -.262 (-.591-.068) | .009 | .006 |
| SES | -.406 (-.567- -.245) | <.001 | .054 | -.139 (-.209- -.068) | <.001 | .033 | -.091 (-.152- -.030) | <.001 | .020 | -.088 (-.137- -.039) | <.001 | .029 | -.088 (-.140- -.037) | <.001 | .027 |
| Bedtime resistance | .355 (.053-.657) | <.001 | .012 | .047 (-.085-.180) | .237 | .001 | .181 (.068-.293) | <.001 | .024 | .055 (-.036-.145) | .047 | .003 | .072 (-.022-.167) | .012 | .005 |
| Age | .028 (-.144-.201) | .587 | .000 | -.118 (-.193- -.042) | <.001 | .022 | .125 (.061-.189) | <.001 | .034 | -.051 (-.103-.000) | .001 | .009 | .073 (.019-.127) | <.001 | .017 |
| Sex | -1.284 (-2.341- -.228) | <.001 | .013 | -.743 (-1.206- -.280) | <.001 | .023 | .145 (-.248-.539) | .224 | .001 | -.414 (-.730- -.098) | <.001 | .016 | -.273 (-.604-.058) | .007 | .006 |
| SES | -.430 (-.595- -.265) | <.001 | .061 | -.153 (-.225- -.080) | <.001 | .040 | -.095 (-.156- -.033) | <.001 | .022 | -.092 (-.141- -.042) | <.001 | .032 | -.091 (-.142- -.039) | <.001 | .029 |
| Sleep onset delay | 1.393 (.706-2.080) | <.001 | .036 | .524 (.223-.825) | <.001 | .027 | .216 (-.045-.478) | .006 | .006 | .390 (.185-.596) | <.001 | .033 | .262 (.045-.479) | <.001 | .014 |
| Age | .054 (-.116-.224) | .294 | .001 | -.099 (-.173- -.024) | <.001 | .015 | .115 (.050-.180) | <.001 | .029 | -.039 (-.743- -.121) | .011 | .005 | .077 (.045-.479) | <.001 | .019 |
| Sex | -1.375 (-2.416- -.333) | <.001 | .015 | -.763 (-1.219- -.307) | <.001 | .025 | .111 (-.286-.508) | .357 | .001 | -.432 (-.743- -.121) | <.001 | .017 | -.291 (-.620-.038) | .004 | .007 |
| SES | -.452 (-.615- -.290) | <.001 | .068 | -.156 (-.227- -.085) | <.001 | .043 | -.106 (-.168- -.044) | <.001 | .027 | -.095 (-.144- -.047) | <.001 | .035 | -.095 (-1.46- -.044) | <.001 | .032 |
Associations are described in terms of unstandardised regression coefficients. All associations are adjusted for age, sex, and SES