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. 2023 Dec 22;10:992608. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.992608

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Copyright © 2023 Cheng, Ye, Liang, Xu, Zhang, Ou, Chen, Dai, Mou, Li, Chen, Zhou, Zou, Mao and Jiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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MR analysis of causal effects of genetically predicted blood lipids on the risk of bladder cancer. Genome-wide significantly associated (p < 5 × 10⁻⁸) independent (LD-clumping r² < 0.001, kb = 10,000) SNPs were selected as instrumental variables. However, the causal effect of LDL-C on bladder cancer susceptibility became non-significant with an OR of 0.832 (95% CI = 0.659–1.050, p = 0.121, as not shown in the figure) after two SNPs possibly driving the effect as demonstrated by the leave-one-out analysis were removed. MR, Mendelian randomization; N SNPs, number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LD, linkage disequilibrium.