Table 1:
Baseline characteristics of patients with CKD stage 3b–5 or dialysis.
| Total cohort | CKD 3b | CKD 4 | CKD 5 | Dialysis, total | HD | PD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 11 874 | 2184 | 4237 | 1435 | 4018 | 3151 | 867 |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 73 (63–79) | 72 (63–78) | 75 (66–81) | 74 (65–81) | 70 (58–77) | 70 (58–77) | 70 (57–77) |
| Sex, % (N) | |||||||
| Male | 63.5 (7543) | 63.3 (1383) | 62.2 (2636) | 61.3 (879) | 65.8 (2645) | 64.3 (2027) | 71.3 (618) |
| Primary kidney disease, % (N) | |||||||
| Glomerulonephritis | 12.1 (1440) | 12.5 (274) | 9.3 (392) | 9.7 (139) | 15.8 (635) | 15.0 (473) | 18.7 (162) |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 20.3 (2406) | 14.9 (325) | 18.8 (795) | 20.6 (295) | 24.7 (991) | 25.3 (797) | 22.4 (194) |
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis or renovascular disease | 26.7 (3169) | 29.8 (650) | 31.6 (1339) | 28.2 (404) | 19.3 (776) | 18.5 (583) | 22.3 (193) |
| Adult polycystic kidney disease | 6.0 (708) | 6.0 (132) | 4.4 (187) | 6.8 (98) | 7.2 (291) | 7.3 (230) | 7.0 (61) |
| Pyelonephritis | 4.0 (471) | 3.1 (67) | 3.9 (167) | 5.2 (75) | 4.0 (162) | 3.9 (123) | 4.5 (39) |
| Other specified kidney disease | 19.6 (2331) | 20.4 (445) | 19.5 (828) | 18.8 (270) | 19.6 (788) | 20.7 (652) | 15.7 (136) |
| Unknown kidney disease | 11.3 (1348) | 13.3 (291) | 12.5 (528) | 10.7 (154) | 9.3 (375) | 9.3 (293) | 9.5 (82) |
| Dialysis vintage, median (IQR) | |||||||
| Years since start of dialysis | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–2) | |||||
| Comorbidities, % (N) | |||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 28.2 (3353) | 25.5 (556) | 27.9 (1183) | 24.8 (356) | 31.3 (1258) | 31.6 (996) | 30.2 (262) |
| Congestive heart failure | 28.1 (3339) | 23.5 (513) | 26.9 (1138) | 22.9 (329) | 33.8 (1359) | 35.7 (1124) | 27.1 (235) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 9.8 (1169) | 7.3 (159) | 6.4 (270) | 6.1 (87) | 16.3 (653) | 18.6 (586) | 7.7 (67) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 17.7 (2098) | 16.6 (362) | 17.0 (722) | 15.9 (228) | 19.6 (786) | 20.2 (637) | 17.2 (149) |
| Hemiplegia | 1.7 (203) | 1.5 (32) | 1.4 (60) | 1.4 (20) | 2.3 (91) | 2.4 (75) | 1.8 (16) |
| Dementia | 1.2 (144) | 0.9 (19) | 1.3 (53) | 1.5 (21) | 1.3 (51) | 1.4 (44) | 0.8 (7) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 12.7 (1504) | 12.3 (269) | 11.9 (504) | 10.0 (143) | 14.6 (588) | 15.3 (483) | 12.1 (105) |
| Diabetes without complications | 39.2 (4658) | 37.0 (809) | 38.9 (1647) | 36.2 (520) | 41.9 (1682) | 43.1 (1359) | 37.3 (323) |
| Diabetes with end-organ damage | 34.0 (4038) | 30.4 (663) | 32.3 (1370) | 32.8 (470) | 38.2 (1535) | 39.3 (1247) | 33.2 (288) |
| Connective tissue disorder | 10.3 (1219 | 12.7 (278) | 9.8 (417) | 8.4 (121) | 10.0 (403) | 10.9 (342) | 7.0 (61) |
| Mild liver disease | 2.6 (327) | 2.2 (48) | 1.9 (82) | 1.8 (26) | 4.3 (171) | 4.5 (143) | 3.2 (28) |
| Moderate to severe liver disease | 1.8 (209) | 2.0 (43) | 1.5 (63) | 1.0 (14) | 2.2 (89) | 2.4 (75) | 1.6 (14) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 7.4 (879) | 6.2 (135) | 6.5 (276) | 5.8 (83) | 9.6 (385) | 10.3 (326) | 6.8 (59) |
| Leukemia, lymphoma or multiple myeloma | 3.3 (388) | 3.0 (66) | 2.9 (124) | 3.0 (43) | 3.9 (155) | 3.8 (120) | 4.0 (35) |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 29.6 (3514) | 30.9 (674) | 30.2 (1278) | 29.3 (420) | 28.4 (1142) | 28.9 (912) | 26.5 (230) |
| Solid metastatic tumor | 3.0 (350) | 3.1 (68) | 3.1 (130) | 3.1 (44) | 2.7 (108) | 2.9 (90) | 2.1 (18) |
| HIV | 0.2 (28) | 0.2 (4) | 0.1 (3) | 0.3 (4) | 0.4 (17) | 0.4 (13) | 0.5 (4) |
| CCI score | |||||||
| Null | 16.6 (1976) | 19.4 (423) | 17.5 (740) | 21.7 (311) | 12.5 (502) | 10.0 (314) | 21.7 (188) |
| 1–2 | 30.8 (3659) | 31.7 (692) | 32.4 (1375) | 30.2 (433) | 28.8 (1159) | 29.1 (918) | 27.8 (241) |
| 3–4 | 30.9 (3663) | 28.2 (617) | 29.9 (1267) | 30.4 (436) | 33.4 (1343) | 34.0 (1971) | 31.4 (272) |
| ≥5 | 21.7 (2576) | 20.7 (452) | 20.1 (855) | 17.8 (255) | 24.2 (1014) | 26.9 (848) | 19.1 (166) |
| Medication use, % (N) | |||||||
| Systemic corticosteroid | 21.4 (2536) | 28.9 (632) | 20.3 (862) | 15.4 (221) | 20.4 (221) | 21.5 (679) | 16.4 (142) |
| Other immunosuppressant drugs | 11.5 (1370) | 21.5 (469) | 9.1 (384) | 5.4 (78) | 10.9 (439) | 11.4 (358) | 9.3 (81) |
| ACE-I or ARB | 56.8 (6741) | 67.9 (1482) | 66.0 (2795) | 51.2 (735) | 43.0 (1729) | 41.8 (1316) | 47.6 (413) |
| Beta blocker | 68.1 (8091) | 63.1 (1379) | 67.0 (2839) | 70.4 (1010) | 71.3 (2863) | 70.4 (2219) | 74.3 (644) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 58.4 (6936) | 53.5 (1169) | 60.8 (2576) | 71.6 (1027) | 53.9 (2164) | 51.7 (1629) | 61.7 (535) |
| Alfa receptor blocker | 17.1 (2035) | 12.7 (278) | 15.2 (645) | 21.3 (305) | 20.1 (807) | 18.8 (592) | 24.8 (215) |
| Diuretic | 62.1 (7373) | 53.7 (1173) | 62.9 (2665) | 70.6 (1013) | 62.8 (2522) | 57.3 (1807) | 82.5 (715) |
| Antiplatelet agent | 36.0 (4277) | 31.8 (695) | 33.9 (1436) | 35.1 (503) | 40.9 (1643) | 42.1 (1327) | 36.4 (316) |
| Warfarin or DOAC | 18.1 (2153) | 23.4 (510) | 21.3 (903) | 15.2 (218) | 13.0 (522) | 12.9 (408) | 13.1 (114) |
| Oral antidiabetic drug | 14.3 (1699) | 19.1 (418) | 18.5 (782) | 13.6 (195) | 7.6 (304) | 7.4 (233) | 8.2 (71) |
| Insulin | 26.5 (3144) | 25.9 (565) | 28.3 (1197) | 24.2 (347) | 25.8 (1035) | 25.7 (811) | 25.8 (224) |
| Antidepressant drug | 16.2 (1926) | 13.8 (301) | 14.6 (618) | 14.0 (201) | 20.1 (806) | 21.2 (669) | 15.8 (137) |
| Statin | 59.6 (7073) | 65.4 (1429) | 63.5 (2689) | 59.5 (854) | 52.3 (2101) | 50.7 (1596) | 58.2 (505) |
| Proton-pump inhibitor | 43.6 (5173) | 36.0 (787) | 37.6 (1591) | 35.6 (511) | 56.8 (2284) | 58.6 (1845) | 50.6 (439) |
ARB, angiotensin II-receptor blocker; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulants.