Table 2.
Characteristics of liveborn children by study group
| Characteristic | Intervention (N=1536) |
Control (N=1525) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Child sex, n (%) | Male | 800 (52.1%) | 787 (51.6%) |
| Female | 736 (47.9%) | 738 (48.4%) | |
| Missing, n | 0 | 0 | |
| Birth weight-for-age z score | Mean (SD) | −0.8 (1.0) | −0.8 (1.0) |
| Missing, n | 24 | 3 | |
| Exclusive breastfeeding1 | n (%) | 702 (48.9%) | 747 (52.5%) |
| Missing, n | 100 | 101 | |
| Up-to-date pentavalent vaccine at study exit2 | n (%) | 1306 (95.4%) | 1311 (95.2%) |
| Missing, n | 167 | 148 | |
| Up-to-date pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at study exit2 | n (%) | 999 (97.6%) | 1000 (96.8%) |
| Missing, n | 513 | 492 | |
| Trial-period antenatal PM2.5 (μg/m3)3 | Median (IQR) | 24.8 (17.0, 40.5) | 77.0 (40.7, 132.8) |
| Missing, n | 99 | 116 | |
| Trial-period postnatal PM2.5 (μg/m3)3 | Median (IQR) | 24.2 (17.8, 36.4) | 66.0 (35.2, 132.0) |
| Missing, n | 688 | 592 | |
| Trial-period antenatal black carbon (μg/m3)3 | Median (IQR) | 2.9 (1.7, 4.8) | 10.0 (5.9, 14.1) |
| Missing, n | 123 | 149 | |
| Trial-period antenatal carbon monoxide (ppm)3 | Median (IQR) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.4) |
| Missing, n | 86 | 95 | |
| Trial-period postnatal carbon monoxide (ppm)3 | Median (IQR) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.8) | 1.3 (0.4, 3.0) |
| Missing, n | 571 | 609 | |
IRC indicates International Research Center; SD, standard deviation; PM, particulate matter; IQR, interquartile range.
During the first six months of life feeding only breast milk, not any other foods or liquids including infant formula or water.
Up-to-date vaccination at one year old when received three doses of the pentavalent vaccine for all IRCs, three doses of PCV for Rwanda, or two doses of PCV for Guatemala and Peru. PCV was not available in India.
Trial-period measurements refer to post-randomization pollutant values, which are presented as the median of the average of household-level measures. Missing includes invalid samples that failed to pass quantitative quality checks, including samples with unacceptable flow rates, filter damage, and measurement durations outside of 24 ± 4 hours. Post-natal black carbon measurement is not available.