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. 2023 Sep 8;12(2):e2257810. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2257810

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — Histopathology and immunohistochemical findings in the brain tissue of the seals. The cerebellum of the H5N1 infected seal from The Netherlands (case 1) showed the following changes: (A) An acute non-suppurative and necrotising encephalitis with mild perivascular lympho-histiocytic infiltration (circle), diffuse gliosis of the adjacent neuroparenchyma (molecular layer), necrosis of Purkinje cells (arrow) and necrosis of inner granular cells (arrowheads); (B) Abundant intralesional AIV nucleoprotein in cells of the inner granular layer (arrowheads) and within the adjacent neuropil. The brain of the H5N1 infected seal from Germany (case 2) showed: (C) Moderate lympho-histiocytic leptomeningitis. (D) Moderate non-suppurative and necrotising encephalitis with perivascular lympho-histiocytic cuffing and vasculitis (arrows), gliosis and necrosis (arrowheads) in the adjacent parenchyma. E. Abundant AIV nucleoprotein in neuronal nuclei, perikarya and processes (arrows) and in various glial cells (arrowheads) of the cerebrum.