Table 1. Distribution of baseline covariates by levels of satisfaction with quality of healthcare among users of antidepressants in the medical expenditure panel survey.
| Overall | Unsatisfied (n = 2494) | Satisfied (n = 2487) | SDT | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n* | %+ | n* | %+ | |||
| Individual-level factors | ||||||
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age categories | ||||||
| 18–44 | 1420 | 841 | 33 | 579 | 19 | 0.32 |
| 45–64 | 2237 | 1108 | 46 | 1129 | 45 | 0.02 |
| 65+ | 1333 | 514 | 21 | 819 | 35 | 0.34 |
| Female | 3537 | 1707 | 68 | 1830 | 71 | 0.07 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 3445 | 1709 | 69 | 1736 | 70 | 0.01 |
| Black | 628 | 323 | 13 | 305 | 12 | 0.02 |
| Hispanic | 701 | 350 | 14 | 351 | 14 | 0.00 |
| Other Race | 207 | 112 | 4 | 95 | 4 | 0.00 |
| Geographic region of residence | ||||||
| Midwest | 1322 | 651 | 13 | 671 | 15 | 0.06 |
| Northeast | 700 | 327 | 29 | 373 | 28 | 0.01 |
| South | 1894 | 920 | 37 | 974 | 38 | 0.01 |
| West | 1074 | 565 | 22 | 509 | 20 | 0.05 |
| Married | 2491 | 1182 | 48 | 1309 | 52 | 0.05 |
| Language—non-English speaking | 235 | 92 | 54 | 143 | 59 | 0.11 |
| Socioeconomic and cost-related factors | ||||||
| Educational level—college and above | 2560 | 1282 | 60 | 1278 | 59 | 0.01 |
| Unemployed | 3086 | 1490 | 17 | 1596 | 13 | 0.13 |
| Poverty (< 200% of the federal poverty level) | 1105 | 591 | 55 | 514 | 60 | 0.1 |
| Delay in purchasing prescribed medicine due to cost | 279 | 175 | 10 | 104 | 7 | 0.13 |
| Delay in seeking medical care due to cost | 397 | 239 | 6 | 158 | 3 | 0.13 |
| Antidepressant-related | ||||||
| Prior antidepressant use | 3050 | 1459 | 60 | 1591 | 63 | 0.08 |
| Used first-line antidepressant± | 2056 | 966 | 28 | 1090 | 32 | 0.03 |
| Mental health-related | ||||||
| Poor physical health | 1050 | 594 | 20 | 456 | 14 | 0.17 |
| Poor mental health | 651 | 384 | 14 | 267 | 8 | 0.2 |
| Cognitive limitations | 938 | 516 | 18 | 422 | 13 | 0.13 |
| Depression | 2392 | 1216 | 56 | 1176 | 50 | 0.12 |
| Anxiety | 315 | 145 | 7 | 170 | 8 | 0.02 |
| Psychotherapy | 954 | 540 | 42 | 414 | 40 | 0.04 |
| PHQ2 score high (≥3) | 1257 | 761 | 27 | 496 | 16 | 0.27 |
| Chronic comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2687 | 1300 | 49 | 1387 | 53 | 0.10 |
| Coronary heart disease | 485 | 225 | 7 | 260 | 10 | 0.09 |
| Angina | 260 | 132 | 5 | 128 | 5 | 0.02 |
| Myocardial infarction | 353 | 166 | 6 | 187 | 7 | 0.07 |
| Other heart disease | 949 | 454 | 19 | 495 | 19 | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 482 | 244 | 8 | 238 | 9 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes | 1067 | 490 | 19 | 577 | 20 | 0.03 |
| Arthritis | 2646 | 1276 | 50 | 1370 | 54 | 0.08 |
| Asthma | 927 | 475 | 19 | 452 | 16 | 0.06 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 371 | 183 | 7 | 188 | 7 | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 852 | 387 | 17 | 465 | 22 | 0.12 |
| Provider-level factors | ||||||
| Provider specialty characteristics | ||||||
| General medical doctor | 1584 | 735 | 35 | 849 | 37 | 0.05 |
| Psychiatrist/Mental health specialist | 449 | 188 | 9 | 261 | 11 | 0.08 |
| Other medical doctor | 130 | 68 | 3 | 62 | 3 | 0.06 |
| Other clinician | 126 | 70 | 4 | 56 | 3 | 0.05 |
| Unknown (facility or person-in-facility) | 2338 | 1172 | 51 | 1166 | 48 | 0.07 |
| Provider-patient gender concordance | 1861 | 922 | 39 | 939 | 43 | 0.06 |
| Provider-patient race/ethnicity concordance | 1657 | 771 | 43 | 886 | 41 | 0.05 |
| Healthcare system factors | ||||||
| Uninsured | 351 | 210 | 7 | 141 | 4 | 0.12 |
| Have usual source of payment | 4581 | 2219 | 93 | 2362 | 96 | 0.13 |
| Medicaid | 970 | 516 | 58 | 454 | 63 | 0.10 |
| Medicare | 1020 | 458 | 15 | 562 | 11 | 0.09 |
| Private insurance | 2486 | 1160 | 18 | 1326 | 21 | 0.07 |
| Average annual out-of-pocket payment | 4990 | 499.9 | 557 | 476.4 | 511 | 0.03 |
| Average annual number of hospital visits | 4990 | 12.7 | 13 | 12.2 | 12 | 0.05 |
Abbreviations: SDT, standardized difference test; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire
*Represent mean for continuous variables—average annual out-of-pocket payment and average annual number of hospital visits
+Represent standard deviation for continuous variables—average annual out-of-pocket payment and average annual number of hospital visits
± Use of first-line antidepressant was determined from the first antidepressant filled in year 2 since antidepressant adherence was measured in year 2.