Table 4.
Participant Characteristics in Included Studies
| Coma studies | N | Patient Population | Sex (% male) | Mean Age | Time since injury | Ethnicity | Affected side (% right) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbasi et al. (2009) | 50 (25 in intervention) | TBI | 88% | 30.4 | Newly admitted | Iranian | N/A |
| Attwell et al. (2019) | 15 | TBI | 73% | 52.6 | 25.2 days | Swiss | N/A |
| Canedo et al. (2002) | 2 | TBI (mixed) | 50% | 24 & 45 | 3 months | Caucasian & African American | Bilateral |
| Cheng et al. (2018) | 29 | TBI (mixed) | 65% | 48 | less than a year to 10 years | Chinese or Italian | N/A |
| Deiva et al. (2017) | 30 (15 intervention) | TBI | 77% | N/A | 72 h | Southern Indian | N/A |
| Di Stefano et al. (2012) | 11 | TBI/Stroke/Anoxic BI | N/A | 30.75 | 5.75 months | Italian - Unknown | N/A |
| Doman et al. (1993) | 233 | TBI | 67% | N/A | 6 months average (1–12 months) | N/A | N/A |
| Hall et al. (1992) | 6 | TBI | 83% | 37.5 | 15.8 days | N/A | 17% |
| Johnson et al. (1993) | 14 (7 intervention) | TBI | 100% | 27.7 | < 48 h | N/A | N/A |
| Kaewsriwong et al. (2015) | 2 | TBI | 50% | 27 and 19 | N/A | N/A | 0 |
| Kater (1989) | 30 (15 intervention) | TBI | 60% | 28 | < 2 weeks | N/A | N/A |
| Keller et al. (2007) | 18 | TBI/Hypoxia | 61% | 39.3 | 18 months | Germany - unknown | N/A |
| Grüner and Terhaag (2000) | 89 or 16 | BI | N/A | 43.6 | < 48 h | Germany - unknown | N/A |
| Megha et al. (2013) | 30 | TBI | N/A | 39.3 | 7.7 days | Indian | N/A |
| Mandeep (2012) | 30 (15 in intervention) | TBI | N/A | N/A | N/A | Indian | N/A |
| Mitchell et al. (1990) | 24 (12 intervention) | TBI | 83% | 22.3 | 7.9 days | UK | 25% |
| Moattari et al. (2016) | 60 (20 in each of two intervention groups) | TBI | 82% | 37 | 4 days | Iranian | N/A |
| Noda et al. (2004) | 26 | TBI/Stroke | 66% | 38.5 | N/A | Japan | |
| Oh et al. (2003) | 5 | TBI | 100% | 50.2 | < 3 months | South Korean | N/A |
| Pierce et al. (1990) | 31 | TBI | 67% | 24 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Rader et al. (1989) | 6 | TBI | 66% | 3 patients 18–19 yrs + 3 40 -55 | 15.5 months | N/A | 0 |
| Sargolzaei et al. (2017) | 80 | Stroke | 45% | 66.2 | N/A | Iranian | 37.50% |
| Talbot and Whitaker (1994) | 8 | BI | 71% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Urbenjaphol et al. (2009) | 40 (20 intervention) | TBI | 70% | 33.4 | 6.8 days | Thai | 15% |
| Wijnen et al. (2006) | 16 | TBI | 61.10% | 21.5 | 2.3 months | Dutch - Unknown | N/A |
| Wilson et al. (1991) | 3 | TBI | 100% | 15, 36, &41 | UK - Unknown | ||
| Wilson et al. (1993) | 7 | TBI | 7 single case studies - all appear to be male | UK - Unknown | |||
| Wilson et al. (1996) | 24 | TBI/Hypoxia/Other | N/A | 28.75 | 16.2 months | UK - Unknown | N/A |
| Wood et al. (1993) | 15 | TBI/SAH | 40% | 34.6 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| No Coma Studies | |||||||
| Gomez et al. (2016) | 36 | TBI/CP | 72% | 41 | > 8 years | N/A | 19% |
| de Diego et al. (2013) | 21 (12 in experimental) | Stroke | N/A | 61.9 | 44.7 months | N/A | N/A |
| Poza et al. (2013) | 36 (18 finally included) | TBI | 61% | 38.4 | Majority more than 8 years | Spain - Unknown | 22% |
| Smania et al. (2003) | 3 | Stroke | 50% | 51.8 | N/A | N/A | 75% |
| Carey et al. (1993) | 8 | Stroke | 87% | 49.8 | 12.8 weeks | N/A | 25% |
| Yekutiel and Guttman (1993) | 39 | Stroke | 65% | 64 | 6.2 years | Israel - Unknown | 50% |
| de Jersey et al. (1979) | 20 | Stroke | 55% | N/A | N/A | N/A | 25% |
| Heine et al. (2017) | 13 | TBI/Stroke | 69% | 44.5 | 30 months | French - Unknown | N/A |
| Bonan et al. (2016) | 35 | Stroke | 62% | 54.1 | 3 months | N/A | 48% |
| Byl et al. (2008) | 45 | Stroke | 62% | 62 | 2.4 | Caucasian | 57% |
| Lynch et al. (2007) | 21 (10 in intervention) | Stroke | 70.00% | 61 | 48.7 days | N/A | 50% |
| Helliwell (2009) | 1 | Stroke | 0 | 78 | 21 days | N/A | 0 |
| Dogru Huzmeli et al. (2017) | 26 (13 in intervention) | Stroke | 69% | 53 | 40.23 months | Turkey - Unknown | 92% |
| Sedghi and Galjeh (2020) | 80 (40 intervention) | TBI | 60% | 40.2 | N/A | Iranian | N/A |