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. 2023 Sep 7;271(1):241–253. doi: 10.1007/s00415-023-11971-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Stratified analysis of MS risk factors according to ethnic background. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for multiple sclerosis given each exposure on the y axis. Odds ratios represent the estimates from logistic regression models adjusted for index age and gender. Effect estimates are coloured according to ethnic background. Several forest plots are presented, representing different sensitivity analyses. A Analysis of the whole cohort is shown, with ethnicity dichotomised into ‘White’ and ‘Diverse’ ethnic groups. B Analysis of the whole cohort, models adjusted for index age, gender, and deprivation status (i.e. IMD quintile). C cohort restricted to cases with HES-confirmed MS, i.e. orthogonal evidence of having MS provided by hospital episode statistics. Models adjusted for index age and gender. E, F Analyses depict models stratified by more granular ethnicity categories, corresponding to UK Census categories. Only BMI and smoking were analysed in this way due to low case numbers for other exposures. D Analysis of the whole cohort, models adjusted for index age and gender. E Whole cohort, models adjusted for index age, gender, and deprivation status. F HES-confirmed MS, models adjusted for index age and gender. The x-axis is on a log10 scale