Fig. 4.

Funnel plots portraying risk of publication bias for studies assessing the association between a high ultra-processed food intake and development of all-cause dementia; b moderate ultra-processed food intake and development of all-cause dementia; c high ultra-processed food intake and development of dementia (excluding mild cognitive impairment); d high ultra-processed food intake and development of mild cognitive impairment; e high ultra-processed food intake and development of Alzheimer dementia; f high ultra-processed food intake and development of vascular dementia