Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 9891 chronic kidney diseases (CKD) patients in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
| Characteristics | Overall | Alive | Dead | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 9891 | 6193 | 3698 | |
| Age | < 0.001 | |||
| 18–60 years | 3498 (43.9) | 3119 (57.6) | 379 (15.6) | |
| ≥ 60 years | 6393 (56.1) | 3074 (42.4) | 3319 (84.4) | |
| Sex | < 0.001 | |||
| Female | 5270 (57.6) | 3520 (59.3) | 1750 (54.0) | |
| Male | 4621 (42.4) | 2673 (40.7) | 1948 (46.0) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4418 (66.7) | 2221 (61.5) | 2197 (77.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2258 (14.4) | 1735 (15.4) | 823 (12.3) | |
| Mexican American | 1485 (7.3) | 1073 (9.1) | 412 (3.5) | |
| Other Hispanic | 696 (5.2) | 553 (6.3) | 143 (2.9) | |
| Others | 734 (6.5) | 611 (7.7) | 123 (3.9) | |
| Education | ||||
| College or higher | 3990 (48.2) | 2758 (52.7) | 1232 (39.0) | |
| High school | 2360 (25.9) | 1486 (25.7) | 874 (26.5) | |
| Less than high school | 3516 (25.7) | 1940 (21.6) | 1576 (34.1) | |
| Unknown | 25 (0.2) | 9 (0.1) | 16 (0.3) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 5050 (54.6) | 3332 (58.0) | 1718 (47.8) | |
| Never married | 1132 (11.4) | 927 (14.1) | 205 (5.8) | |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 3477 (31.9) | 1763 (25.7) | 1714 (44.7) | |
| Unknown | 232 (2.1) | 171 (2.3) | 61 (1.7) | |
| Smoking history | ||||
| Current | 1667 (17.5) | 1080 (18.0) | 587 (16.5) | |
| Former | 3174 (31.8) | 1649 (27.5) | 1525 (40.7) | |
| Never | 4790 (49.0) | 3213 (52.2) | 1577 (42.5) | |
| Not available | 260 (1.6) | 251 (2.2) | 9 (0.3) | |
| Drinking history | ||||
| Heavy drinker | 1712 (17.8) | 1053 (17.4) | 659 (18.6) | |
| Low-to-moderate drinker | 4145 (47.2) | 2865 (52.2) | 1280 (36.9) | |
| Non-drinker | 1609 (14.5) | 953 (12.9) | 656 (17.9) | |
| Not available | 2425 (20.6) | 1322 (17.6) | 1103 (26.7) | |
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 5956 (56.7) | 3360 (50.5) | 2596 (69.5) | |
| No | 3898 (42.9) | 2815 (49.3) | 1083 (29.7) | |
| Unknown | 25 (0.3) | 10 (0.1) | 15 (0.6) | |
| Missing | 12 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | |
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2875 (25.1) | 1622 (21.6) | 1253 (32.1) | |
| No | 6740 (72.1) | 4407 (75.6) | 2333 (65.0) | |
| Borderline | 265 (2.7) | 158 (2.7) | 107 (2.8) | |
| Unknown | 11 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | (24.2) | (15.8) | (41.5) | |
| No | (73.1) | (80.9) | (57.0) | |
| Unknown | (2.7) | (3.3) | (1.5) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | < 0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 221 (2.4) | 138 (2.4) | 83 (2.4) | |
| Normal range | 2090 (22.0) | 1232 (21.5) | 858 (23.2) | |
| Overweight | 3260 (30.8) | 1949 (30.3) | 1257 (31.9) | |
| Obese | 4041 (41.9) | 2784 (44.6) | 1257 (36.5) | |
| Not available | 333 (2.8) | 90 (1.3) | 243 (6.1) | |
| Serum uric acid, mg/dL | 5.80 [4.70, 6.95] | 5.70 [4.60, 6.80] | 6.20 [5.10, 7.40] | < 0.001 |
| CKD stage | < 0.001 | |||
| Stage 1 | 3219 (36.7) | 2748 (46.6) | 471 (16.4) | |
| Stage 2 | 2240 (21.6) | 1302 (20.4) | 938 (24.0) | |
| Stage 3a | 2771 (27.6) | 1455 (24.2) | 1316 (34.4) | |
| Stage 3b | 1138 (10.1) | 493 (6.4) | 645 (17.6) | |
| Stage 4 | 342 (2.7) | 121 (1.5) | 221 (5.2) | |
| Stage 5 | 181 (1.3) | 74 (0.8) | 107 (2.4) | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 72.88 [53.11, 100.95] | 86.46 [57.06, 108.01] | 56.75 [44.86, 78.92] | < 0.001 |
| UACR, mg/g | 45.37 [24.89, 101.82] | 45.39 [30.26, 92.93] | 45.17 [17.40, 121.42] | 0.245 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.00 [0.77, 1.27] | 0.92 [0.73, 1.19] | 1.13 [0.90, 1.40] | < 0.001 |
| Urinary albumin, μg/mL | 42.50 [15.10, 114.60] | 46.50 [16.20, 111.14] | 36.98 [13.10, 119.00] | |
| Albumin | < 0.001 | |||
| Normal (≥ 3.5 g/dL) | 9536 (97.1) | 6030 (98.0) | 3506 (95.3) | |
| Low (< 3.5 g/dL) | 355 (2.9) | 163 (2.0) | 192 (4.7) | |
| AGR | ||||
| Normal (≥ 1) | 9204 (95.0) | 5858 (96.2) | 3506 (92.3) | |
| Low (< 1) | 677 (4.9) | 325 (3.6) | 352 (7.7) | |
| Not available | 10 (0.1) | 10 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| HbA1c, % | 5.70 [5.30, 6.30] | 5.60 [5.30, 6.20] | 5.80 [5.40, 6.50] | < 0.001 |
| Intakes during past 24 h | ||||
| Energy, kcal | 1737.00 [1285.00, 2318.00] | 1830.28 [1357.00, 2439.91] | 1576.00 [1192.09, 2105.14] | |
| Carbohydrate, g | 210.67 [154.15, 284.15] | 219.76 [161.61, 299.31] | 195.63 [143.58, 258.05] | |
| Protein, g | 65.13 [47.15, 90.58] | 69.10 [49.19, 93.73] | 59.82 [44.60, 82.12] | |
| Total fat, g | 63.68 [42.40, 92.38] | 67.86 [44.57, 97.17] | 57.64 [39.18, 82.85] | |
| Dietary fiber, g | 13.10 [8.50, 19.36] | 13.40 [8.60, 20.10] | 12.59 [8.30, 18.00] | |
| NHANES cycle | < 0.001 | |||
| 1999–2000 | 803 (7.8) | 286 (5.1) | 517 (13.4) | |
| 2001–2002 | 887 (8.8) | 365 (5.9) | 522 (14.8) | |
| 2003–2004 | 876 (8.6) | 342 (6.0) | 534 (13.8) | |
| 2005–2006 | 848 (8.9) | 435 (7.4) | 413 (12.0) | |
| 2007–2008 | 1006 (8.8) | 566 (8.1) | 440 (10.1) | |
| 2009–2010 | 926 (8.0) | 597 (8.2) | 329 (7.7) | |
| 2011–2012 | 1774 (18.7) | 1234 (19.8) | 540 (16.4) | |
| 2013–2014 | 938 (10.5) | 730 (12.4) | 208 (6.5) | |
| 2015–2016 | 881 (9.7) | 752 (12.7) | 129 (3.7) | |
| 2017–2018 | 952 (10.2) | 886 (14.4) | 66 (1.6) | |
| Drug usage | ||||
| Uric acid lowering agent | (5.5) | (4.7) | (7.0) | 0.004 |
| ACEI | (22.5) | (19.4) | (28.9) | < 0.001 |
| ARB | (11.8) | (11.2) | (13.0) | 0.081 |
| MRA | (1.8) | (1.3) | (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| SGLT2 | (1.6) | (1.7) | (1.5) | 0.724 |
| ARNI | (0.0) | (0.1) | (0.0) | 0.136 |
Data were expressed as the n (%) or median [IQR]. Percentages were adjusted for NHANES complex survey design. χ2 test and Mann–Whitney U test were utilized for categorical variables and continuous variables respectively.
CKD chronic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, AGR albumin/Globulin Ratio, NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.