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. 2024 Jan 5;14:641. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-51224-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dapagliflozin treatment alleviates apoptosis and oxidative stress in the testis tissues of db/db mice. (A) PCA plots of testis tissue proteomic profiles. (B) The volcano plots of the altered proteins between the db and Con groups (db_vs_Con) or between the Dapa and db groups (Dapa_vs_db). (C) The heat map of proteins associated with apoptosis and cAMP signaling pathway from proteomic profiles. Red indicates high abundance and blue indicates low abundance. (D–E) Protein expression of XIAP, Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, BCL2 and BAX (D) and ratio of protein (E) in three groups. n = 4–5 mice per group. The original images of all gels have been cropped, and the above original images can be seen in the Supplementary File (4D). (F–J) Oxidative stress related indicators including total antioxidant capacity (F), total GPx (G), SOD activities (H), malondialdehyde (MDA) (I), and hydrogen peroxide (J). For (E–J), P values were determined by One-way ANOVA with Sidak's post-hoc test, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001, compared with vehicle or Dapa group.