Table 1. Study Participant Demographic Information.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 4 y | Age 5 y | Age 7 y | Age 9 y | Age 11 y | Totala | |
| Total | 113 (17.4) | 139 (21.4) | 194 (29.9) | 104 (16.0) | 99 (15.3) | 649 (100) |
| Sex assigned at birth | ||||||
| Male | 60 (53.1) | 65 (46.8) | 92 (47.4) | 52 (50.0) | 47 (47.5) | 316 (48.7) |
| Female | 53 (46.9) | 74 (53.2) | 102 (52.6) | 52 (50.0) | 52 (52.0) | 333 (51.3) |
| Gestational age at birth, mean (SD), wk | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.91 (1.75) | 38.94 (1.91) | 38.86 (2.17) | 38.91 (1.56) | 39.15 (1.80) | 38.94 (1.90) |
| <37 | 8 (7.1) | 18 (12.9) | 29 (14.9) | 8 (7.7) | 6 (6.1) | 69 (10.6) |
| ≥37 | 105 (92.9) | 121 (87.1) | 165 (85.1) | 96 (92.3) | 93 (93.9) | 580 (89.4) |
| Birth weight, g | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3415.20 (630.6) | 3416.51 (575.8) | 3341.50 (605.5) | 3473.86 (552.2) | 3469.40 (527.8) | 3411.02 (584.7) |
| <2500 | 5 (4.4) | 10 (7.2) | 16 (8.2) | 4 (3.8) | 4 (4.1) | 39 (6.0) |
| ≥2500 | 108 (95.6) | 128 (92.8) | 178 (91.8) | 100 (96.2) | 94 (95.9) | 608 (94.0) |
| Race, No (%) | ||||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 16 (14.2) | 21 (15.1) | 18 (9.3) | 10 (9.6) | 10 (10.1) | 75 (11.6) |
| White | 89 (78.8) | 104 (74.8) | 161 (83.0) | 92 (88.5) | 86 (86.9) | 532 (82.0) |
| Otherb | 8 (7.1) | 14 (10.1) | 15 (7.7) | 2 (1.9) | 3 (3.0) | 42 (6.5) |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| PAE cluster | ||||||
| Nondrinking | 59 (52.2) | 64 (46.0) | 105 (54.1) | 50 (48.1) | 56 (56.6) | 334 (51.5) |
| Quit-early drinking | 44 (38.9) | 64 (46.0) | 80 (41.2) | 49 (47.1) | 43 (43.3) | 280 (43.1) |
| Continuous drinking | 10 (8.8) | 11 (7.9) | 9 (4.6) | 5 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (5.4) |
| PTE cluster | ||||||
| Nonsmoking | 93 (82.3) | 117 (84.2) | 178 (91.8) | 91 (87.5) | 88 (88.9) | 567 (87.4) |
| Quit-early smoking | 6 (5.3) | 11 (7.9) | 6 (3.1) | 6 (5.8) | 4 (4.0) | 33 (5.1) |
| Continuous smoking | 14 (12.4) | 11 (7.9) | 10 (5.2) | 7 (6.7) | 7 (7.1) | 49 (7.6) |
| Education | ||||||
| <High school | 10 (8.8) | 12 (8.6) | 11 (5.7) | 6 (5.8) | 4 (4.0) | 43 (6.6) |
| Completed high school | 16 (14.2) | 14 (10.1) | 18 (9.3) | 15 (14.4) | 7 (7.1) | 70 (10.8) |
| >High school | 87 (77.0) | 113 (81.3) | 165 (85.1) | 83 (79.8) | 88 (88.9) | 536 (82.6) |
| Monthly income, $ | ||||||
| 250-3500 | 79 (69.9) | 107 (62.2) | 174 (61.7) | 71 (55.0) | 57 (57.6) | 488 (61.4) |
| >3500 | 34 (30.1) | 65 (37.8) | 105 (37.2) | 57 (44.2) | 42 (42.4) | 303 (38.1) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 16 (14.2) | 13 (9.4) | 20 (10.3) | 10 (9.6) | 12 (12.1) | 71 (10.9) |
| Married | 97 (85.8) | 126 (90.6) | 174 (89.7) | 94 (90.4) | 87 (87.9) | 578 (89.1) |
Abbreviations: PAE, prenatal alcohol exposure; PTE, prenatal tobacco exposure.
a
Total counts may not add up to total due to missing covariate data.
b
Includes Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, other race not specified.