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. 2024 Jan 5;22:21. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02284-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Interventions for periodontitis. The initial line of defense in treating periodontal disease is a thorough cleansing procedure consisting of root planning and debridement. Tartar and pathogens are eliminated from tooth surfaces and below the gingival line through scaling. Utilizing instruments, a laser, or an ultrasonic device, can be achieved. Antibiotics are an additional prevalent non-surgical way to treat periodontal disease. Proficient periodontal antibiotics are specifically formulated for deep pocket placement within the gums by dental practitioners, to address bacterial infections that have spread to the root and gumline. Occasionally, oral antibiotics are required to eliminate infection-causing microorganisms [17, 18]