Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Non-periodontitis | Periodontitis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2234 | 3648 | Standardize diff. | p-value |
| Age, (year, mean mean ± SD) | 58.6 ± 10.2 | 61.6 ± 10.4 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | < 0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.41 (0.35, 0.46) | < 0.001 | ||
| Male | 802 (35.90) | 2036 (55.81) | ||
| Female | 1432 (64.10) | 1612 (44.19) | ||
| Race, n (%) | 0.28 (0.23, 0.33) | < 0.001 | ||
| Mexican American | 195 (8.73) | 552 (15.13) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 215 (9.62) | 360 (9.87) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1202 (53.80) | 1546 (42.38) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 412 (18.44) | 874 (23.96) | ||
| Other races | 210 (9.40) | 316 (8.66) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | 0.44 (0.39, 0.50) | < 0.001 | ||
| Less than high school | 312 (13.97) | 1026 (28.13) | ||
| High school or GED | 433 (19.3) | 860 (23.57) | ||
| Above high school | 1486 (66.52) | 1756 (48.14) | ||
| Ratio of family income to poverty | 3.24 ± 1.63 | 2.52 ± 1.59 | 0.44 (0.39, 0.50) | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 29.46 ± 6.45 | 29.49 ± 6.55 | 0.00 (-0.05, 0.06) | 0.889 |
| At least 12 alcohol drinks/1 year? | 0.04 (-0.01, 0.09) | 0.358 | ||
| Yes | 1541 (70.98) | 2543 (72.57) | ||
| NO | 626 (28.83) | 957 (27.31) | ||
| Smoked 100 cigarettes in lifetime? | 0.34 (0.29, 0.39) | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 808 (36.17) | 1918 (52.58) | ||
| No | 1426 (63.83) | 1727 (47.34) | ||
| Physical activity time, n (%) | 0.14 (0.07, 0.20) | < 0.001 | ||
| Q1 | 441 (29.30) | 579 (25.87) | ||
| Q2 | 603 (40.07) | 828 (37.00) | ||
| Q3 | 461 (30.63) | 831 (37.13) | ||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.24) | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 134 (6.00) | 406 (11.13) | ||
| NO | 2100 (94.00) | 3242 (88.87) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.22) | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 298 (13.34) | 699 (19.16) | ||
| No | 1860 (83.26) | 2815 (77.17) | ||
| Chronic kidney diseases | 0.10 (0.05, 0.15) | 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 48 (2.15) | 135 (3.70) | ||
| NO | 2178 (97.49) | 3507 (96.13) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.09 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.007 | ||
| Yes | 1021 (45.70) | 1819 (49.86) | ||
| No | 1211 (54.21) | 1824 (50.00) | ||
| Total energy intake, (kcal, mean ± SD) | 1934.70 ± 693.96 | 1961.31 ± 765.46 | 0.04 (-0.02, 0.09) | 0.180 |
| Plain water intake, n (%) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.22) | < 0.001 | ||
| Q1 (< 333 ml) | 468 (20.95) | 993 (27.22) | ||
| Q2 (333–746 ml) | 554 (24.80) | 923 (25.30) | ||
| Q3 (747–1324 ml) | 581 (26.01) | 892 (24.45) | ||
| Q4 (> 1324 ml) | 631 (28.25) | 840 (23.03) |