Table 1.
Pro- and anti-inflammatory cells and mediators in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction—experimental data and clinical evidence
| EXPERIMENTAL | ||
|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Atherosclerosis | AMI |
| IL-1β | Anti-IL-1β-L: ↓ late athero23 LOF IL-1β: ↓ athero24 |
|
| IL-1α | Anti-IL-1α: ↓ early athero23 LOF IL-1α: ↓ athero25 |
IL-1α: early danger signal26 Anti-IL-1α: ↓ inflammasome, ↓ infarct size27 (I/R) |
| IL-6/IL-6 | LOF IL-6: ↑ athero28 rIL-6: ↑ athero29 |
LOF IL-6—neutral on AMI size/survival30 (LAD ligation) |
| IL-2 | ILC2: ↑ recovery after AMI31 (LAD ligation) | |
| IL-10 | GOF IL-10: ↓ athero32 | |
| Treg | Treg: ↓ athero33 | ↑ myocardial healing post-AMI34,35 (LAD ligation) |
| CLINICAL | ||
|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Atherosclerosis | AMI (with PCI, I/R) |
| PMN | PMN: ↑ late lesions and atherothrombosis36 | N/L: ↑ MACE37,38 NETs released by culprit lesion predict infarct size39 |
| IL-1β | Anti-IL-1β−L: ↓ MACE40 | Anti-IL-1-R1: ↓ CRP41 Ani-IL-1-R1: ↓ CRP42 |
| IL-1α | IL-1α on monocytes of AMI and CKD: ↑ MACE43 | |
| IL-6 | Anti-IL-6 L: ↓ infl & thromb44 | Anti-IL-6-R: ↓ CRP,45 ↑ myocardial salvage46 ↑ IL-6: ↑ MACE47 |
| IL-2 | Low-dose IL-2 → ↑ ILC231 | |
| Treg | AMI: ↓ Tregs48 | |
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; athero, atherosclerosis; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; GOF, gain of function; IL, interleukin; ILC2, innate lymphoid cell type 2; I/R, ischaemia–reperfusion; LAD, permanent left anterior descending coronary artery; LOF, loss of function; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; NET, neutrophil extracellular trap; N/L, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte; rIL-6, recombinant interleukin-6; Treg, regulatory T-cell; damaging, protective.