Table 2.

Combination of probiotics and prebiotics used as therapeutics in clinical studies

Probiotics	Prebiotics	Applications	References
Arginolytic bacteria	Arginine	To prevent and manage dental caries; Improve oral health	Zaura and Twetman (2019) and Bijle et al. (2020a)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	L-arginine	Growth inhibition of pathogenic microbes i.e. S. mutans; Caries prevention	Bijle et al. (2020b)
Lactobacilli spp. L. gasseri, L. paracasei, L. fermentum, Lb. plantarum	Saccharides	Stimulated growth of beneficial probiotic microorganisms; Suppression of oral pathogens & improvement of mouth ecology; Affect cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans	Nunpan et al. (2019)
L. acidophilus DSMZ 20079 or ATCC 4356	3% fructooligosaccharides; 3% galactooligosaccharides and 1% fructooligosaccharides	Reduced the growth rate of S. mutans	Nunpan et al. (2019)
Lactobacillus & Bifidobacterium species	Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)	Eradication of Helicobacter pylori	Sirvan et al. (2017)
Lactobacillus, Bacillus & Bifidobacterium species	GOS, FOS	Treatment of inflammation	Soleimani et al. (2019)
Lactobacillus species	Inulin	Treatment of dyslipidaemia & Diabetes	Asemi et al. (2017) andTajabadi- Ebrahimi et al. (2017)
Lactobacillus & Bifidobacterium species	Litesse Ultra polydextrose, FOS	Treatment of obesity and To treat metabolic syndrome (MS) and obesity associated problems	Hibberd et al. (2019) and Rabiei et al. (2019)
Lactobacillus species	Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)	To prevent sepsis in infants	Panigrahi et al. (2017)
L. bulgaricus and L. rhamnosus	XOS and RGE	Recoverey of intestinal microbiota	Li et al. (2020)
Lactobacillus gasseri 505	Cudraniatricuspidata leaf extract	Protection against colitis-related colorectal cancer	Oh et al. (2020)
Enterococcus faecium	Agave inulin	Improvement in learning and memory	Romo-Araiza et al. (2018)
L. bulgaricus and L. rhamnosus	Xylooligosaccharide and red ginseng extracts	Recovery of intestinal microbiota	Li et al. (2020)
Bifidobacterium longum UABl-14, Bifidobacterium lactis UABla-12, Bifidobacterium bifidum UABb-10, Lactobacillus acidophilus DDS-1	Trans-galactooligosaccharide (GOS)	Reduce obesity and associated symptoms	Sergeev et al. (2020)