Table 1.
Characteristics of WIHS participants by HIV status
| All (N=446) | HIV+ (N=302) | HIV− (N=144) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 53.1 (8.3) | 53.2 (7.8) | 52.8 (9.3) | 0.59 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 0.30 | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | 323 (72.4) | 214 (70.9) | 109 (75.7) | |
| Hispanic | 92 (20.6) | 62 (20.5) | 30 (20.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 19 (4.3) | 16 (5.3) | 3 (2.1) | |
| Other | 12 (2.7) | 10 (3.3) | 2 (1.4) | |
| Education attainment, % | 0.84 | |||
| Below high school | 180 (40.4) | 124 (41.1) | 56 (39.2) | |
| High school | 141 (31.7) | 93 (30.8) | 48 (33.6) | |
| Above high school | 124 (27.9) | 85 (28.1) | 39 (27.3) | |
| Years of education | 11.6 (3.0) | 11.7 (3.1) | 11.5 (3.0) | 0.56 |
| WRAT-3 reading subtest, mean (SD) | 87.8 (18.6) | 88.0 (19.1) | 87.5 (17.8) | 0.81 |
| Annual income ≤$12000, % | 235 (52.7) | 154 (51.0) | 81 (56.2) | 0.35 |
| Recreational drug use, % | 105 (23.5) | 66 (21.9) | 39 (27.1) | 0.27 |
| Marijuana use, % | 90 (20.2) | 56 (18.5) | 34 (23.6) | 0.26 |
| Cigarette use, % | 0.10 | |||
| Current smoker | 181 (40.6) | 74 (24.5) | 24 (16.7) | |
| Former smoker | 167 (37.4) | 114 (37.7) | 67 (46.5) | |
| Never smoker | 98 (22.0) | 114 (37.7) | 53 (36.8) | |
| Alcohol use>7 drinks/week, % | 30 (6.7) | 18 (6.0) | 12 (8.3) | 0.46 |
| Antibiotic use, % | 23 (5.2) | 15 (5.0) | 8 (5.6) | 0.97 |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody, % | 97 (21.8) | 70 (23.3) | 27 (18.8) | 0.34 |
| Among HIV seropositive | ||||
| CD4 count | 670 (492-923) | |||
| HIV-1 Viral load≤20 copies/ml, % | 224 (74.2) | |||
| ART use, % | 277 (91.7) | |||
| Site | 0.45 | |||
| Bronx | 185 (41.5) | 121 (40.1) | 64 (44.4) | |
| Brooklyn | 132 (29.6) | 95 (31.5) | 37 (25.7) | |
| Chicago | 129 (28.9) | 86 (28.5) | 43 (29.9) | |
| Cognitive impairment | 122 (27.4) | 89 (29.5) | 33 (22.9) | 0.18 |
| Impairment in domains | ||||
| Learning | 74 (16.6) | 55 (18.2) | 19 (13.2) | 0.23 |
| Memory | 73 (16.4) | 47 (15.6) | 26 (18.1) | 0.60 |
| Attention | 62 (14.6) | 45 (15.6) | 17 (12.5) | 0.48 |
| Executive function | 67 (15.1) | 54 (17.9) | 13 (9.2) | 0.02 |
| Motor function | 62 (14.1) | 44 (14.9) | 18 (12.5) | 0.60 |
| Speed | 62 (13.9) | 45 (14.9) | 17 (11.8) | 0.46 |
| Verbal function | 60 (13.5) | 46 (15.2) | 14 (9.7) | 0.15 |
Data are N (%) or mean (SD). SD: standard deviation. WRAT: Wide Range Abilities Test. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus. CD4: cluster of differentiation 4. ART: antiretroviral therapy. Recreational drug use included marijuana, crack, cocaine, heroin and injection drug use. P-values comparing characteristics by HIV status were obtained from t-test for continuous variables, Chi-squared test for categorical