TABLE 2.
Findings from clinical studies
| Reference | Study design | Subjects | Probiotic supplementation | Dosage [delivery matrix] | Duration | Colonization | Intestinal permeability outcomes |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotic effect | Probiotic no effect | |||||||
| Depommier et al., 2019 [84] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 11 Pasteurized n = 12 Live n = 9 |
Age 18–70, BMI >25kg/m2, (F = 17/M = 15) |
Live A. muciniphila OR pasteurized A. muciniphila | 1 × 1010 bacteria/d [PBS containing glycerol] | 12 wk | ↑ fecal A. muciniphila (CFU/g) - live > pasteurized | ↓ serum LPS - pasteurized A. muciniphila | Serum LPS - live A. muciniphila |
| Szulińska et al., 2019 [76] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 27 Low dose n = 27 High dose n = 27 |
Age 45–70, ≥1 y after menopause, BMI 30–45kg/m2 (F = 81/M = 0) | Ecologic Barrier HD (B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W37, L. brevis W63, L. casei W56, L. salivarius W24, L. lactis W19, and L. lactis W58) | 1 × 1010 CFU/d (high dose), 2.5 × 109 CFU/d (low dose) [sachet] | 12 wk | Not measured | ↓ serum LPS - high dose | Serum LPS - low dose |
| Liu et al., 2021 [81] | Parallel-arm trial 4 arms n = 20 to n = 23 (probiotic+low carb, low carb, AAD, low BMI) |
Age 18–60, BMI ≥25kg/m2 (F = 45/M = 41) | B. longum, L. acidophilus, and E. faecalis | Combined 2.4 × 107 CFU/d [capsule] | 24 wk | Not measured | ↓ serum LPS ↑ serum DAO ↓ serum D-lactic acid |
None reported |
| Chaiyasut et al., 2022 [83] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 24 Intervention n = 24 |
Age ≥50, BMI ≥20kg/m21 (F = 38/M = 10) | L. paracasei HII01, B. breve, and B. longum | Combined 5 × 1010 CFU/d [sachet] | 12 wk | Not measured | ↓ serum LPS ↓ urinary L/M ratio ↓ urinary lactulose % recovered |
None reported |
| Chaiyasut et al., 2021 [85] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 36 Intervention n = 36 |
Age 18–65, BMI ≥25kg/m22 (F = NR/M = NR) | L. paracasei, B. longum, and B. breve | Combined 5 × 1010 CFU/d [sachet] | 12 wk | Not measured | ↓ urinary lactulose % recovered ↓ urinary L/M ratio -suggested by Gaussian regression ↓ serum LPS ↓ serum ZO-1 |
Urinary L/M ratio |
| Krumbeck et al., 2018 [82] | Parallel-arm RCT 6 arms n = 17 to n = 20 (IVS-1, IVS-1 + GOS, BB-12, BB-12 + GOS, lactose, GOS) |
Age 18–65, BMI 30.0–40.0 kg/m2 (F = 71/M = 23) | B. adolescentis IVS-1, OR B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 | 1 × 109 CFU/d [sachet] | 3 wk | ↑ RA fecal B. adolescentis - IVS-1, IVS-1 + GOS ↑ RA fecal B. animalis - BB-12, BB-12 + GOS |
↓ urinary S/L ratio - IVS-1, IVS-1 + GOS (w/aspirin) ↓urinary sucralose % recovered - BB-12 and GOS (w/aspirin) |
Serum LPS Serum LBP Urinary S/L ratio (w/o aspirin) Urinary sucralose % recovered (w/o aspirin) |
| Horvath et al., 2020 [78] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 14 Intervention n = 12 (synbiotic) |
Age ≥ 18, BMI 30–40 kg/m2 (F = 7/M = 19) | B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W37, L. casei W56, L. brevis W63, L. salivarius W24, L. lactis W58, and L. lactis W19 | Combined 1.5 × 1010 CFU/d [sachet] |
24 wk | ↑ fecal L. brevis in 8 of 12 subjects | ↓ serum zonulin - 3 mo | Serum LPS - 3 or 6 mo Serum DAO Serum bacterial DNA serum LBP Serum sCD14 |
| Pražnikar et al., 2020 [79] | Crossover RCT 2 period n = 28 (probiotic kefir, milk) |
Age 30–60, BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2 (F = 15/M = 13) | L. parakefiri,L. kefiri,L. kefiranofaciensssp. Kefirgranum, R. kratochvilovae, K. marxianus,and K. exigua delivered in kefir | 300 mL kefir/d [food matrix] | 3 wk | Not measured | ↓ serum zonulin concentrations | Serum CRP Serum adiponectin |
| Palacios et al., 2021 [86] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 30 Intervention n = 30 |
Age ≥ 18, BMI >25kg/m2 (F = 32/M = 28) | L. plantarum Lp-115, L. bulgaricus Lb-64, L. gasseri Lg-36, B. breve Bb-03, B. animalis ssp. lactis Bi-07, B. bifidum Bb-06, S. thermophilus St-21, and S. boulardii | Combined 5 × 1010 CFU/d [capsule] | 12 wk |
↑ RA fecal B. breve, B. bifidum No change in other probiotic bacteria |
↓ plasma zonulin - subgroup taking metformin | Serum LPS Serum zonulin |
| Janczy et al., 2020 [80] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 20 Intervention n = 36 (synbiotic) |
Age ≥ 18, BMI ≥25kg/m2 (F = 44/M = 12) | B. lactis W51, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W22, L. paracasei W20, L. plantarum W21, L. salivarius W24, and L. lactis W19 | Combined 8 × 108 CFU/d [capsule] | 12 wk | ↑ fecal Lactobacillus spp. (CFU/g) | ↓ fecal zonulin - synbiotic group | None reported |
| Leber et al., 2012 [88] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 15 Intervention n = 13 |
Age ≥ 18, BMI >25kg/m2, metabolic syndrome (F = 10/M = 18) |
L. casei Shirota | 1.95 × 1010 CFU/d [food matrix] | 12 wk | Not measured | ↑ serum LBP | Urinary saccharose % recovered Urinary L/M ratio Serum DAO Serum LPS |
| Lee et al., 2014 [87] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 25 Intervention n = 25 |
Age 19–65, BMI >25 kg/m2, WC >85 cm (F = 50/M = 0) | S. thermophiles, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, B. lactis, B. longum, and B. breve | Combined 1 × 1011 CFU/d [capsule] | 8 wk |
↑ fecal B. breve, B. lactis, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum No change in other probiotic bacteria |
None reported | Serum LPS Urinary L/M ratio |
| Stevens et al., 2021 [77] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 34 Intervention n = 33 |
Age 18–70, BMI 25–35kg/m2 (F = 38/M = 29) | B. indicus P = D01 | 5 × 109 CFU/d [sachet] | 6 wk | ↑ fecal B. indicus (CFU/g) | None reported | Urinary 5 h L/R ratio 5–24 h S/E ratio 24 h S/E ratio |
| Kopp et al., 2023 [89] | Parallel-arm RCT Control n = 39 Intervention n = 37 (probiotic + omega-3s + vitamin D) |
Age 25–65, BMI 28–40kg/m2 (F = 60/M = 16) | L. paracasei (LCP-37), L. acidophilus (NCFM), B. lactis (Bi-07), and B. lactis (Bi-04) | Combined 1 × 1010 CFU/d [capsule] | 8 wk | Not measured | ↓ Plasma I-FABP - females subgroup ↓ S/E ratio - females with obesity subgroup |
5–19 h L/R ratio 5–24 h S/E ratio Urinary sucralose 0–24 h % recovered Plasma I-FABP Fecal zonulin |
AAD, average American diet; BB-12, B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12; BMI, body mass index; CFU, colony forming unit; DAO, diamine oxidase; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; F, female; GOS, galactooligosaccharide; I-FABP, intestinal-fatty acid-binding protein; IVS-1, B. adolescentis IVS-1; L/M lactulose/mannitol; L/R lactulose/rhamnose; LBP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; M, male; NR, not reported; RA, relative abundance; RCT, randomized controlled trial; S/E, sucralose/erythritol; S/L, sucralose/lactulose; WC, waist circumference; ZO, zonula occludens; CRP, C-reactive protein ; PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline; sCD14.
A. muciniphila, Akkermansia muciniphila; B. adolescentis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis; B. bifidum, Bifidobacterium bifidum; B. breve, Bifidobacterium breve; B. indicus, Bacillus indicus; B. lactis, Bifidobacterium lactis; B. longum, Bifidobacterium longum; E. faecalis, Enterococcus faecalis; K. exigua, Kazachstania exigua; K. marxianus, Kluyveromyces marxianus; L. acidophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus; L. brevis, Lactobacillus brevis; L. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus; L. casei, Lactobacillus casei; L. gasseri, Lactobacillus gasseri; L. kefiranofaciens, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens; L. kefiri, Lactobacillus kefiri; L. lactis, Lactococcus lactis; L. paracasei, Lactobacillus paracasei; L. parakefiri, Lactobacillus parakefiri; L. plantarum, Lactobacillus plantarum; L. rhamnosus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus; L. salivarius, Lactobacillus salivarius; R. kratochvilovae, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae; S. boulardii, Saccharomyces boulardii; S. thermophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus; S. thermophiles, Streptococcus thermophiles.
Thai overweight adults.
Thai obese adults.