Table 2.

Comparisons of Pinus shengxianica sp. nov. and P. speciosa Li with extant denticulatomucronate species of Pinus subsect. Pinus.

Species	Cone			Apophyses	Keel type	Umbo
	Symmetry	Shape	Size (cm)			Position	Mucro (prickle)
P. shengxianicaa	Symmetrical	Conical-ovoid	6.8 × 3.1	Rhombic or pentagonal	Conspicuously horizontally keeled with circular ridges	Dorsal	With a short but stout recurved prickle
P. speciosaa	Symmetrical	Ovoid or ellipsoidal with a round base	6.3 × 3.2	Broadly rhombic or irregularly pentagonal	Prominently transversely keeled with inconspicuous longitudinal ridges	Dorsal	Centrally sunken, with a slender, recurved prickle
P. densata	Symmetrical	Ovoid	4–6 × 4–7	Prominent, rhombic	Sharply transversely keeled	Dorsal	Prominent with a short prickle
P. merkusii	Symmetrical	Cylindrical or long-ovate	4.8–11	Rhomboid, thick, glossy, annularly furrowed/ridged, obviously radially ridged	Prominently transversely keeled and radially ridged	Dorsal	Slightly concave
P. latteri	Symmetrical	Conical or ovoid-cylindric	5–10	Subrhombic or pentagonal-rhombic, slightly swollen, annularly furrowed/ridged	Obviously transversely keeled and radially ridged	Dorsal	Slightly sunken
P. mugo	Symmetrical	Ovoid	1.8–5.5 × 1.4–2.8	Rhomboidal, thin, flat	Sharply transversely and longitudinally keeled	Central	Prominent with a short prickle
P. nigra	Asymmetrical	Ovoid	(3.5-)5–10 (-12) × 2–4	Rhomboidal, thin, woody, rigid	Slightly raised and transversely keeled	Central	Small, unarmed or with a tiny deciduous prickle
P. sylvestris	Symmetrical or nearly so	Conic	3–6	Broadly rhombic, flat or shortly pyramidal	Slightly raised and transversely keeled	Dorsal	Small, blunt (minutely mucronate)
P. tropicalis	Symmetrical or nearly so	Ovoid with a flattened base	5–8 × 4–5.5	Flat or slightly raised	Cross ridged	Dorsal	Flat or slightly raised, rhombic, without a prickle
P. thunbergii	Asymmetrical	Conical-ovoid or ovoid	4–7 × 3.5–6.5	Rhomboidal, slightly swollen or flattened	Transversely keeled	Dorsal	Slightly concave, with a short-mucronate umbo
P. uncinata	Strongly asymmetrical	Ovoid	2.5–6 × 2–4	Thick, strongly pyramidal	Transversely keeled	Nearly apical	Often with a pronounced 1 mm prickle

^aThe fossil taxa are studied here. Characters of extant species sourced from Cheng et al. (1978), Fu et al. (1999), the Gymnosperm Database and our observations.