Table 3.

Comparisons of Pinus shengxianica sp. nov. and Pinus speciosa Li with fossil species of Pinus subsect. Pinus bearing denticulatomucronate cones.

Species	Cone			Apophyses	Keel type	Umbo		Age, locality
	Symmetry	Shape	Size (cm)			Detail	Mucro (prickle)
P. shengxianica sp. nov.a	Symmetrical	Conical-ovoid	6.8 × 3.1	Rhombic or pentagonal	Conspicuously horizontally keeled with inconspicuous longitudinal ridges	vaguely rhombic to elliptic	With a short but stout recurved prickle	Late Miocene; Jiahu, Tiantai, Zhejiang, Southeast China
P. speciosaa,b	Symmetrical	Ovoid or ellipsoidal with a round base	6.3 × 3.2 or 6.4 × 3.4	Broadly rhombic or irregularly pentagonal, slightly swollen	Prominently transversely keeled with longitudinal ridges	Depressed	Centrally sunken, with a slender, recurved prickle (beak-like)	Late Miocene; Jiahu, Tiantai, Zhejiang, Southeast China
P. weichangensisc	Symmetrical	Ovoid	3.0–6.6 × 1.9–3.5	Rhombic or polygonal, flat or shortly pyramidal	Sharply transversely keeled	Elliptic, protruding or slightly sunken	With a short prickle	Early Miocene; Weichang, North China
P. dixoni (Bowerbank) Gardnerd	Symmetrical	Ovoid to cylindrical, large, long	>13.0	Flat basally, more convex apically	Somewhat transversely keeled	Flatly convex to convex, sunken, vallate	Very slightly protruding	Middle to Late Eocene; Kayna-Süd and Böhlen, Germany
P. hampeana (Unger) Heerd	Symmetrical	Elongate-ovoid	4.0–8.0	Flattened	Slightly or obtusely keeled	Flattened	Mucronate	Middle Miocene; Wiesa, Sandförstgen and Klettwitz, Germany
P. nodosa Ludwigd	Very asymmetrical	Ovoid	6.5 × 4.0	Rhombic, basally hooked and thorny	Weakly transversely keeled	Nodularly thickened	Small, blunt or mucronate	Early Miocene; Rockenberg, Germany
P. thomasiana (Goeppert) Reichenbachd	Asymmetrical, curved	Ovoid	>8.0	Pyramidal (arched)	weakly transversely keeled	Arched	Mucronate	Late Eocene, Early to Mdiddle Oligocene; Samland, Russia; Poland; Germany
P. urani (Unger) Schimperd,e	Asymmetrical	Ovoid to cylindrical	>9.0	Broadly rhombic to pentagonal	obviously transversely keeled	Rhombic to button-shaped	Small or absent	Middle to Late Miocene; Eschweiler and Zülpich, Germany
P. ornata (Sternberg) Brongniarte	Symmetrical	Long ovoid to cylindric	8.2–13.3 × 2.8–6.1	Rhombic, flattened to slightly arched	Distinctly transversely keeled	Flattened to slightly arched	Small, indistinct	Early Miocene; Most Basin of Czech Republic

References: ^aPresent paper; ^bLi and Guo (1982); ^cLi et al. (2022); ^dMai (1986); ^eTeodoridis and Sakala (2008).