Fig. 1.

The intricate signaling network in I/R injury pathogenesis. a Timeline diagram of key milestones in I/R Injury research: revealing crucial discoveries and emphasizing complex signaling pathways. b The complexity of signaling pathways in I/R injury Pathology. Involvement of Wnt signaling and crosstalk with diverse signaling pathways in the pathological process of I/R injury: impact on cellular injury, inflammation, oxidation, fibrosis, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and BBB permeability across organs I/R events. I/R ischemia-reperfusion, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB, IPC ischemic preconditioning, TGF-β transforming growth factor-β, RIPC remote ischemic preconditioning, NMDAR N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor, ActA Activin A, IPOSTC ischemic postconditioning, BMP bone morphogenetic protein, HIF-1α hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, PI3K/Akt phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B, HGF/c-Met hepatocyte growth factor receptor/mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor, RIPOSTC remote ischemic postconditioning, YAP Yes-associated protein, TLR4/TRIF toll-like receptor 4/toll-interleukine-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β, BBB blood-brain barrier