Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the DAPPER trial.
| The dapagliflozin group (n = 144) | The control group (n = 141) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.1 (9.4) | 72.2 (9.5) |
| Female sex | 40 (28%) | 42 (30%) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.3 (4.2) | 24.8 (4.4) |
| History of diabetes (≥5 years)a | 93 (65%) | 87 (62%) |
| History of diabetes (<5 years)b | 45 (31%) | 47 (33%) |
| Smoking habit | ||
| Past | 50 (35%) | 54 (38%) |
| Current | 28 (19%) | 17 (12%) |
| Alcohol | 81 (56%) | 68 (48%) |
| Medical history | ||
| Hypertension | 118 (82%) | 121 (86%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 120 (83%) | 113 (80%) |
| Stroke | 18 (13%) | 33 (23%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 20 (14%) | 25 (18%) |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 36 (25%) | 37 (26%) |
| Admission for heart failure | 29 (20%) | 30 (21%) |
| Heart failure etiology | ||
| Hypertensive heart disease | 79 (55%) | 80 (57%) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 63 (44%) | 58 (41%) |
| Valvular heart disease | 18 (13%) | 17 (12%) |
| Cardiomyopathy | 13 (9%) | 16 (11%) |
| Heart failure medication | ||
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 24 (17%) | 19 (14%) |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 73 (51%) | 66 (47%) |
| Beta-blocker | 67 (47%) | 73 (52%) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 17 (12%) | 25 (18%) |
| Diabetes medication before the study | ||
| SGLT2 inhibitor | 34 (24%) | 19 (14%) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 25 (17%) | 23 (16%) |
| Biguanide | 69 (48%) | 79 (56%) |
| Glinide | 7 (5%) | 8 (6%) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 109 (76%) | 103 (73%) |
| Thiazolidinedione | 29 (20%) | 26 (18%) |
| Sulphonyl urea | 33 (23%) | 32 (23%) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) |
| Insulin | 5 (4%) | 6 (4%) |
| Physiological measurements | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.2 (13.1) | 129.2 (13.3) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.1 (10.7) | 69.5 (10.9) |
| Heart rate (beats per min) | 71.2 (11.1) | 69.4 (11.0) |
| NYHA class | (n = 141) | (n = 139) |
| I | 12 (8.5%) | 16 (11.5%) |
| II | 123 (87.2%) | 115 (82.7%) |
| III | 6 (4.3%) | 8 (5.8%) |
| IV | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Laboratory measurements | ||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85 (0.21) | 0.86 (0.19) |
| eGFR | 66.9 (17.7) | 64.6 (15.4) |
| Category 1 (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 13 (9%) | 12 (9%) |
| Category 2 (60 to <90 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74 (51%) | 70 (50%) |
| Category 3 (45 to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 50 (35%) | 54 (38%) |
| Category 4 (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 7 (5%) | 5 (4%) |
| UACR, number of patients | 138 | 136 |
| UACR | 25.0 (8.8–74.6) | 25.6 (8.2–95.0) |
| Category 1 (<30 mg/g Cr) | 77 (56%) | 80 (59%) |
| Category 2 (30–300 mg/g Cr) | 51 (37%) | 40 (29%) |
| Category 3 (>300 mg/g Cr) | 10 (7%) | 16 (12%) |
| Urinary KIM-1 (ng/mL) | 2.13 (2.16) | 1.74 (1.69) |
| Blood sugar (mg/dL) | 150.1 (44.5) | 153.0 (53.1) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.9 (0.7) | 6.9 (0.8) |
| Plasma aldosterone (pg/mL) | 126.0 (58.8) | 128.8 (86.5) |
| Serum NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 357.8 (398.5) | 501.5 (705.6) |
| Serum FGF23 (pg/mL) | 55.9 (18.5) | 59.2 (24.7) |
| Plasma alpha-Klotho (pg/mL) | 629.6 (239.2) | 618.5 (203.4) |
| Echocardiographic measurements | ||
| LVDd (mm) | 49.7 (7.4) | 49.6 (7.3) |
| LVDs (mm) | 34.4 (8.8) | 34.3 (8.9) |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 42.4 (24.7) | 43.2 (24.0) |
| LAD (mm) | 41.4 (9.2) | 41.0 (8.1) |
| LVEF (%) | 58.1 (11.9) | 58.3 (11.6) |
| E (cm/sec) | 72.3 (33.0) | 73.5 (26.4) |
| e' (cm/sec) | 7.2 (2.4) | 7.1 (2.3) |
| E/A | 0.82 (0.39) | 0.91 (0.51) |
| E/e' | 9.8 (3.3) | 11.1 (5.3) |
| Dct (m sec) | 223.1 (63.6) | 220.5 (48.8) |
SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; SGLT2 = sodium-glucose co-transporter 2; DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide-1; NYHA = New York Heart Association; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR = urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; KIM-1 = kidney injury molecule-1; NT-proBNP = N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; FGF23 = fibroblastic growth factor 23; LVDd = left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVDs = left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LAVI = left atrial volume index; LAD = left atrial dimension; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; E = mitral peak E-wave velocity; e' = early diastolic mitral annular velocity by tissue Doppler echocardiography; E/A = E/mitral peak A velocity ratio; Dct = E velocity deceleration time.
Data are n (%), means (SD), or medians (IQR).
Hypertension was defined as office blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher systolic/diastolic pressure or both. Dyslipidemia was defined as LDL cholesterol of 140 mg/dL or higher, HDL cholesterol lower than 40 mg/dL, or triglycerides of 150 mg/dL or higher. Alcohol use was defined as drinking more than 30 g/day for men and more than 20 g/day for women.
History of diabetes ≥5 years: patients who have had diabetes for five years and longer.
History of diabetes <5 years: patients who have had diabetes for less than five years.