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. 2023 Dec 18;99:104924. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104924

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Mucosal vaccination enhances induction of antigen-specific polyfunctional TCM. (a) Schematic representing the experimental design where splenocytes isolated from mice vaccinated with M7 + S-RBD by either the I.N. or S.C. route were stimulated with antigen S-RBD. (b) Increased activation of CD8 TEM cells detected from mice vaccinated via the S.C. route, following stimulation with S-RBD. (c) Increased TNF+ CD8 TCM cells from mice vaccinated via the I.N. route following stimulation with S-RBD. (d and e) Quantification of the (d) TNF+ and (e) IFN-γ+TNF+ populations of CD4 TCM following antigen stimulation indicates an increase following either I.N. or S.C. vaccination compared to controls and for I.N. compared to S.C. vaccination with the same formulation of M7 + S-RBD. For (b and c) and (d and e), data points represent experimental replicates (4–5 individual mice for vaccine groups and 2 technical replicates from 2 mice for PBS group). (f) Representative histograms showing strong induction of TNF following I.N. compared to S.C. vaccination after antigen (S-RBD) stimulation. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 by 1-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test.