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. 2023 Nov 29;10(1):e23042. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23042

Table 2.

Factors associated with depressive symptoms (N = 10,300).

Variables B S.E. AOR (95 % CI) p-value
Age (years old) ≤40 1.127 0.216 3.09 (2.02–4.72) <0.001**
41–49 0.898 0.192 2.45 (1.69–3.57) <0.001**
50–59 0.39 0.187 1.48 (1.02–2.13) 0.037*
≥60 1
Sex Female 0.841 0.168 2.32 (1.67–3.22) <0.001**
Education level Low 0.109 0.137 1.12 (0.85–1.46) 0.427
Socio-economic status Low 0.179 0.173 1.20 (0.85–1.68) 0.302
Marital status Single 1
Currently married 0.18 0.351 1.20 (0.60–2.38) 0.609
Widowed/Divorced 0.83 0.382 2.29 (1.09–4.85) 0.030*
Employment status Currently employed 0.091 0.134 1.10 (0.84–1.42) 0.494
Location Urban 0.121 0.178 1.13 (0.80–1.60) 0.496
BMI Normal 1
Underweight 0.642 0.244 1.90 (1.18–3.07) 0.009*
Overweight-Obese −0.25 0.115 0.78 (0.62–0.98) 0.029*
Smokers Yes 0.611 0.165 1.84 (1.33–2.55) <0.001**
Alcohol consumer Yes 0.611 0.192 1.84 (1.26–2.69) <0.001**
Hypertension Yes 0.366 0.133 1.44 (1.11–1.87) 0.006*
Diabetes Yes 0.441 0.161 1.55 (1.13–2.13) 0.006*
Angina Yes 1.004 0.274 2.73 (1.60–4.67) <0.001**
COPD Yes 1.432 0.514 4.19 (1.53–11.47) 0.005*
Asthma Yes 0.645 0.192 1.91 (1.31–2.77) <0.001**
Trust people No 0.298 0.128 1.35 (1.05–1.73) 0.020*
Perceived stress Yes 0.949 0.13 2.58 (2.00–3.33) <0.001**

*Significant at p-value <0.05*, **Significant at p-value <0.001; R2 = 9.2 %.