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a, The second-derivative fitting curves of FTIR spectra from 1700 to 1600 cm−1, with samples being the soluble, LB, and TB fractions of control and PAA-pretreated WAS. b, XPS C 1s, N 1s, and S 2p analysis of aqueous phase obtained from the control and PAA-pretreated WAS. c, The area (%) of secondary structures determined by second-derivative fitting.
