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a–c, ESR spectra detected from the PAA group (i.e., 25 mg per g TSS), including DMPO-OH (a), DMPO-O2− (b), and TEMP-1O2 (c). Note: ∗ and • stand for DMPOX and DMPO-OH adducts. d, ORP variations for the control and PAA groups during pretreatment, with the inner bar chart representing Fe element content detected by EDS.
