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. 2023 Nov 22;300(1):105470. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105470

Table 1.

Three distinct types of transformation with hydrogen ions (hydrons) H+

Transformation Equation Type
1. Acid-base equilibrium H3O+ ↔ H2O + H+ (a)
H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+ (b)		 Scalar, chemical, fast
2a. H+-linked electron transfer, oxidation Malate2- → Oxaloacetate2- + 2{H++e−} (c)
Succinate2- → Fumarate2- + 2{H++e−} (d)		 Scalar, chemical, slow
2b. H+-linked electron transfer, reduction 2{H++e−} + NAD+ → NADH+H+ (e)
2{H++e−} + E-FAD → E-FADH2 (f)		 Scalar, chemical, slow
3. Transport, translocation pumping: H+neg → H+pos (g)
diffusion: H+pos → H+neg (h)		 Vectorial,
Compartmental, transmembrane