Table 1.

Clinical manifestations of disorders that resemble a bleeding disorder—adapted from Thomas et al. [9].

Disorder	Clinical manifestation
Achenbach’s syndrome [10]	Paroxysmal bruising of the fingers
Amyloidosis [11]	Cerebral, cutaneous, intracranial and gastrointestinal bleeding
Angina bullosa hemorrhagica	Acute painful blisters in the mount
Autoerythrocyte syndrome (also known as psychogenic purpura and Gardner–Diamond syndrome) [12,13]	Recurrent, spontaneous, painful ecchymosis, frequently preceded by a prodrome of pain or itching of the skin
Exercise induced purpura [14]	Purpuric patches on the lower limbs after exercise
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia [15]	Recurrent epistaxis, gastrointestinal bleedings, hemorrhage from visceral arteriovenous malformation (eg, cerebral and pulmonary), telangiectasia on skin and mucosal surfaces
Hypothyroidism [16]	Often mild mucocutaneous bleeding tendency and rarely severe (eg, hemorrhages after trauma or surgery)
Medications	Bruising and bleeding from skin and the gastrointestinal tract
Noonan syndrome [17]	Postsurgical bleeding without any coagulation or platelet function abnormality
Osteogenesis imperfecta [18]	Variety of bleeding symptoms including bruising, bleeding after interventions and epistaxis
Scurvy [19]	Malaise, lethargy, purpura, intracerebral hemorrhage, subperiosteal hemorrhage, perifollicular hemorrhage, corkscrew hairs, poor wound healing and scorbutic gums
Senile purpura [20]	Scattered purpuric patches and white pseudoscars with skin atrophy
Skin fragility and connective tissue disorders (eg, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome) [21]	Excessive bruising but systemic manifestations of the specific condition
Uremia [22]	Bruising and hemorrhage
Vasculitis (eg, Henoch–Schönlein purpura) [23]	Purpuric rash and pulmonary hemorrhage