Table.
Characteristics of Participants by Survival Status and Death Age
| Alive vs. Dead From All-Cause Mortality | Age at Death (y) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Factors | Total | Alive | Dead | P | <75 (Premature) | ≥75 | P |
| Number of participants | 66,415 | 63,603 | 2812 | — | 2285 | 527 | |
| Age (y), mean ± SD | 56.7 ± 8.24 | 56.5 ± 8.23 | 61.9 ± 6.46 | <0.001 | 60.4 ± 6.23 | 68.2 ± 2.09 | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.263 | |||||
| Female | 36,327 (54.7) | 35,132 (55.2) | 1195 (42.5) | 983 (43.0) | 212 (40.2) | ||
| Male | 30,088 (45.3) | 28,471 (44.8) | 1617 (57.5) | 1302 (57.0) | 315 (59.8) | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.189 | |||||
| White | 60,707 (91.4) | 58,093 (91.3) | 2614 (93.0) | 2110 (92.3) | 504 (95.6) | ||
| Mixed | 535 (0.8) | 524 (0.8) | 11 (0.4) | 10 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Asian | 2032 (3.1) | 1976 (3.1) | 56 (2.0) | 51 (2.2) | 5 (0.9) | ||
| Black | 1816 (2.7) | 1745 (2.7) | 71 (2.5) | 61 (2.7) | 10 (1.9) | ||
| Other | 920 (1.4) | 888 (1.4) | 32 (1.1) | 28 (1.2) | 4 (0.8) | ||
| Townsend index, mean ± SD | –1.18 ± 2.97 | –1.19 ± 2.96 | –0.858 ± 3.13 | <0.001 | –0.804 ± 3.15 | –1.09 ± 3.02 | 0.053 |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| High | 24,815 (37.4) | 24,042 (37.8) | 773 (27.5) | 639 (28.0) | 134 (25.4) | ||
| Intermediate | 32640 (49.1) | 31286 (49.2) | 1354 (48.2) | 1155 (50.5) | 199 (37.8) | ||
| Low | 8209 (12.4) | 7571 (11.9) | 638 (22.7) | 455 (19.9) | 183 (34.7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 27.2 (4.73) | 27.2 (4.71) | 28.0 (5.18) | <0.001 | 28.1 (5.25) | 27.9 (4.87) | 0.564 |
| Self-reported overall health rating, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||
| Good/excellent | 49,002 (73.8) | 47,400 (74.5) | 1602 (57.0) | 1275 (55.8) | 327 (62.0) | ||
| Fair | 14,241 (21.4) | 13391 (21.1) | 850 (30.2) | 697 (30.5) | 153 (29.0) | ||
| Poor | 2789 (4.2) | 2456 (3.9) | 333 (11.8) | 292 (12.8) | 41 (7.8) | ||
| Treatments/medications taken, n (%) | 2.24 (2.49) | 2.17 (2.42) | 3.62 (3.40) | <0.001 | 3.50 (3.38) | 4.17 (3.42) | <0.001 |
| CVD diagnosis, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 18,463 (27.8) | 17,232 (27.1) | 1231 (43.8) | 963 (42.1) | 268 (50.9) | ||
| No | 47,649 (71.7) | 46,087 (72.5) | 1562 (55.5) | 1307 (57.2) | 255 (48.4) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.005 | |||||
| No | 62,740 (94.5) | 60,278 (94.8) | 2462 (87.6) | 2020 (88.4) | 442 (83.9) | ||
| Yes | 3309 (5.0) | 2983 (4.7) | 326 (11.6) | 246 (10.8) | 80 (15.2) | ||
| Cancer, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.170 | |||||
| No | 60,739 (91.5) | 58,505 (92.0) | 2234 (79.4) | 1804 (78.9) | 430 (81.6) | ||
| Yes | 5311 (8.0) | 4751 (7.5) | 560 (19.9) | 467 (20.4) | 93 (17.6) | ||
| Smoke, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.002 | |||||
| Never | 37,741 (56.8) | 36,550 (57.5) | 1191 (42.4) | 956 (41.8) | 235 (44.6) | ||
| Previous | 22,472 (33.8) | 21314 (33.5) | 1158 (41.2) | 926 (40.5) | 232 (44.0) | ||
| Current | 5837 (8.8) | 5396 (8.5) | 441 (15.7) | 385 (16.8) | 56 (10.6) | ||
| Drink alcohol, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.403 | |||||
| Never | 3051 (4.6) | 2921 (4.6) | 130 (4.6) | 100 (4.4) | 30 (5.7) | ||
| Previous | 2295 (3.5) | 2123 (3.3) | 172 (6.1) | 142 (6.2) | 30 (5.7) | ||
| Current | 60,845 (91.6) | 58,348 (91.7) | 2497 (88.8) | 2032 (88.9) | 465 (88.2) | ||
| Physical activities, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.150 | |||||
| Low | 9911 (14.9) | 9382 (14.8) | 529 (18.8) | 438 (19.2) | 91 (17.3) | ||
| Moderate | 22527 (33.9) | 21646 (34.0) | 881 (31.3) | 728 (31.9) | 153 (29.0) | ||
| High | 22147 (33.3) | 21348 (33.6) | 799 (28.4) | 634 (27.7) | 165 (31.3) | ||
| Survival time (y), median (min, max) | 10.6 (1.10, 11.7) | 10.6 (7.57, 11.1) | 7.20 (1.10, 11.7) | <0.001 | 6.50 (1.10, 11.7) | 9.40 (2.30, 11.6) | <0.001 |
For differences between groups, t-tests were performed for numerical data with normal distributions and Wilcoxon rank–sum tests for numerical data with non-normal distributions. The χ2 test was used for categorical variables. CVD, cardiovascular disease; min, minimum; max, maximum.