Table 4.

Linear regression analysis between dry eye (DE) disease and sleep metrics

		Beta	P value
DE symptoms: DEQ-5	Depression: PHQ-9	0.37	<0.0005
	Sleep disturbances: PSQI 5	0.36	<0.0005
	Use of antidepressants	−0.22	0.01
	Use of antihistamines	−0.20	0.02
DE symptoms: OSDI	Depression: PHQ-9	0.46	<0.0005
	Sleep disturbances: PSQI 5	0.31	<0.0005
	Use of antidepressants	−0.21	0.01
Ocular pain: NPSI-E	Depression: PHQ-9	0.47	<0.0005
	Sleep disturbances: PSQI 5	0.23	0.02
	Habitual sleep efficiency: PSQI 4	−0.19	0.03
Ocular pain: Now	Sleep disturbances: PSQI 5	0.32	<0.0005
	Use of antianxiety	−0.15	0.10
	Depression: PHQ-9	0.28	0.01
	Use of antidepressants	−0.20	0.04
Ocular pain: average over 1 week recall	Sleep disturbances: PSQI 5	0.33	<0.0005
	Subjective sleep quality: PSQI 1	0.25	0.02
	Use of antianxiety	−0.18	0.04
Ocular pain: worst over 1 week recall	Sleep disturbances: PSQI 5	0.52	<0.0005
	Use of antianxiety	−0.24	0.01
Ocular surface inflammation	Use of antihistamines	0.27	0.01
	Subjective sleep quality: PSQI 1	0.26	0.01
Meibum quality	Subjective sleep quality: PSQI 1	0.46	<0.0005
	PTSD	−0.31	0.01
Conjunctivochalasis	Use of antianxiety	−0.27	<0.0005
	PSQI global score	0.27	0.01

DEQ-5, 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire; NPSI-E, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory modified for the Eye; OSDI, Ocular Surface Disease Index; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.