Table 3.
Comparison of baseline characteristics, clinical features and treatment among patients with PAPS and those with SLE-APS
| Variables | PAPS | SLE-APS | ||||
| Thrombosis group (n=5) | Non-thrombosis group (n=132) | P value | Thrombosis group (n=6) | Non-thrombosis group (n=41) | P value | |
| Age at onset (years), mean±SD | 29.6±3.5 | 31.5±4.1 | 0.287 | 25.8±3.9 | 30.7±6.4 | 0.028 |
| Disease duration (years), IQR | 6.0 (0.8–30.0) | 1.0 (0.4–3.0) | 0.111 | 3.5 (0.8–24.8) | 2.0 (0.1–5.0) | 0.369 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean±SD | 23.0±5.2 | 24.3±3.8 | 0.603 | 25.4±4.5 | 24.8±3.9 | 0.772 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 0 (0) | 2 (4.9) | 1.000 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2 (40.0) | 10 (7.6) | 0.087 | 1 (16.7) | 6 (14.6) | 1.000 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 3 (60.0) | 28 (21.5) | 0.143 | 1 (16.7) | 7 (17.1) | 1.000 |
| Arteriosclerosis | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 0.036 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Diabetes | 1 (20.0) | 4 (3.0) | 0.440 | 0 (0) | 4 (9.8) | 1.000 |
| Clinical manifestations | ||||||
| Fetal loss, n (%) | ||||||
| <10 weeks | 4 (80.0) | 84 (63.6) | 0.784 | 5 (83.3) | 20 (48.8) | 0.252 |
| ≥10 weeks | 2 (40.0) | 44 (33.3) | 1.000 | 2 (33.3) | 28 (68.3) | 0.226 |
| Premature birth <34 weeks, n (%) | 3 (60.0) | 16 (12.1) | 0.017 | 1 (16.7) | 11 (26.8) | 0.974 |
| Pre-eclampsia, n (%) | 1 (20.0) | 22 (16.7) | 1.000 | 3 (50.0) | 8 (19.5) | 0.258 |
| FGR, n (%) | 2 (18.2) | 23 (13.1) | 0.984 | 1 (16.7) | 5 (12.2) | 1.000 |
| Stillbirth, n (%) | 1 (20.0) | 18 (13.6) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 2 (4.9) | 1.000 |
| Thrombocytopenia, n (%) | 3 (60.0) | 15 (11.4) | 0.013 | 3 (50.0) | 13 (31.7) | 0.673 |
| Hypocomplementemia, n (%) | 4 (80.0) | 16 (12.1) | <0.001 | 5 (83.3) | 23 (56.1) | 0.410 |
| Laboratory tests, n (%) | ||||||
| LA positive | 3 (60.0) | 47 (35.6) | 0.523 | 6 (100.0) | 26 (63.4) | 0.185 |
| aβ2GPI positive | 3 (60.0) | 71 (53.8) | 1.000 | 5 (83.3) | 35 (85.4) | 1.000 |
| aCL positive | 3 (60.0) | 27 (20.5) | 0.122 | 5 (83.3) | 28 (68.3) | 0.784 |
| Double-positive aPLs | 0 (0) | 16 (12.1) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 9 (22.0) | 0.579 |
| Triple-positive aPLs | 3 (60.0) | 9 (6.8) | 0.001 | 5 (83.3) | 21 (51.2) | 0.299 |
| High-risk aPLs | 3 (60.0) | 61 (46.2) | 0.881 | 6 (100.0) | 32 (78.0) | 0.471 |
| Treatment after delivery, n (%) | ||||||
| LDA | 1 (20.0) | 89 (67.4) | 0.087 | 2 (33.3) | 33 (80.5) | 0.049 |
| LMWH | 4 (20.0) | 104 (78.8) | 0.136 | 3 (50.0) | 19 (46.3) | 1.000 |
| LDA+LMWH | 1 (20.0) | 74 (56.1) | 0.257 | 2 (33.3) | 12 (29.3) | 1.000 |
| HCQ | 3 (60.0) | 104 (78.8) | 0.655 | 2 (33.3) | 34 (82.9) | 0.030 |
| Azathioprine | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0.128 |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 8 (19.5) | 0.544 |
| Cyclosporin A | 1 (20) | 2 (1.5) | 0.106 | 2 (33.3) | 9 (22.0) | 0.921 |
| Tacrolimus | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 1 (2.4) | 1.000 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 2 (4.9) | 1.000 |
| Statins | 0 (0) | 5 (3.8) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Follow-up | ||||||
| Arterial thrombosis, n (%) | 2 (20.0) | – | – | 4 (66.7) | – | – |
| Venous thrombosis, n (%) | 3 (60.0) | – | – | 2 (33.3) | – | – |
Bold entries indicate statistically significant differences between the two groups.
aCL, anticardiolipin antibodies; aPLs, antiphospholipid antibodies; aβ2GPI, anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies; BMI, body mass index; FGR, fetal growth restriction; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; LA, lupus anticoagulant; LDA, low-dose aspirin; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; PAPS, primary antiphospholipid syndrome; SLE-APS, SLE-related antiphospholipid syndrome.