Table 1.

Process and outcome measures associated with the EoC protocol as assessed by survey responses

	Preintervention (n = 93) (89% Response Rate)	Early Postintervention (n = 101) (63% Response Rate)	Delayed Postintervention (n = 43) (57% Response Rate)	P Value
Process measures
Carry badge buddy (PGY 1 only)*	N/A	69%	100%	—
Use protocol†
All trainees	N/A	82%	—	—
PGY 1	N/A	69%	—	—
PGY 2	N/A	86%	—	—
PGY 3	N/A	89%	—	—
Outcome measures: communication
Notifications per 100 patients	9.0	9.7	—	0.87
Year of trainee made notification				0.19
PGY 1	40%	39%	—	—
PGY 2	43%	34%	—	—
PGY 3	17%	27%	—	—
Reason for notification				0.76
Patient left AMA	5%	5%	—	—
Patient died	5%	2%	—	—
Change in patient clinical status	42%	51%	—	—
Patient transferred to ICU	31%	37%	—	—
Other	17%	20%	—	—
Outcome measures: perceptions
Notification was appropriate‡	100%	100%	—	1
Wished they were notified‡	22%	10%	—	0.09
Fear of criticism by supervising physician
All trainees	—	5%	5%	1
PGY 1	—	19%	5%	—
PGY 2	—	0%	7%	—
PGY 3	—	0%	0%	—
Fear of waking supervising physician
All trainees	—	44%	33%	0.21
PGY 1	—	44%	21%	—
PGY 2	—	43%	40%	—
PGY 3	—	47%	44%	—
Fear of losing autonomy
All trainees	—	18%	7%	0.03
PGY 1	—	19%	0%	—
PGY 2	—	15%	13%	—
PGY 3	—	21%	11%	—
Perceive that patient care is safer
All trainees	—	47%	72%	0.02
PGY 1	—	63%	89%	—
PGY 2	—	43%	67%	—
PGY 3	—	32%	44%	—

Definition of abbreviations: AMA = against medical advice; EoC = escalation-of-care; ICU = intensive care unit; N/A = not applicable; PGY = postgraduate year.

^*n = 16 (64%).

^† n = 55 (73%).

^‡ As reported by supervising physicians, n = 18 (56%) before the intervention and n = 21 (66%) early after the intervention.