Table 2.

Mokken Scaling Analysis With (Scale 1) and Without (Scale 2) Item 1, by Subgroup Sample

	Pregnant/ postpartum		Adult		Adolescent		Child
Items	Scale 1	Scale 2	Scale 1	Scale 2	Scale 1	Scale 2	Scale 1	Scale 2
1. Happy and satisfied with lifea	.31	Did Not Scale	.3	Did Not Scale	.31	Did Not Scale	.31	Did Not Scale
2. Difficulty sleeping	.46	.44	.47	.43	.45	.44	.46	.48
3. Startled easily	.49	.47	.47	.43	DNS	.45	.45	.47
4. Angry outbursts	.47	.46	.45	.42	.44	.43	.45	.47
5. Sense of time slowing	.43	.43	DNS	.39	.46	.45	.44	.45
6. Spaced out or in a daze	.47	.46	.46	.47	.51	.50	.49	.50
7. Avoid thoughts and feelings about COVID-19	.4	.47	DNS	.46	DNS	.49	.53	.55
8. Avoid talking, reading, or watching information related to COVID-19	DNS	.4	DNS	.37	DNS	.42	.47	.49
9. Distressing dreams about COVID-19	.45	.46	.43	.43	.42	.46	.48	.50
10. Distressed when see reminder of COVID-19	.43	.44	.42	.45	.42	.48	.49	.51
H values	.46	.45	.43	.43	.44	.46	.46	.49
HT values of final scales		.41		.35		.36		.21
α	.87	.85	.81	.84	.81	.86	.87	.88

Note. DNS = Did Not Scale; bold values indicate values associated with the final COVID-19-related stress scale for each subgroup; pregnant/postpartum (n = 1,656) and adult (n = 11,483): ≥18 years; adolescent (n = 1,785): 13–21 years; child (n = 2,896): 3–12 years; items used a 5-point Likert response scale: (1) not at all, (2) rarely, (3) sometimes, (4) often, (5) very often; Scale 1 included all 10 original items; Scale 2 included a reduced set of nine negatively valenced items and did not include the one positively valenced item “happy and satisfied with life.” Scale 2 represents the final model.

^aItem was reverse coded.