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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2023 Mar 13;148:209005. doi: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209005

Table 4.

Bivariate and multivariable Cox proportional hazard model of factors associated with time to a change in interest in using or actual buprenorphine-naloxone enrolment among street-involved adolescents and young adults who first reported that they were disinterested in using buprenorphine-naloxone between December 2014 and June 2018 (n = 175).

Characteristic Unadjusted Adjusted
Odds ratio (95 % CI) p value Odds ratio (95 % CI) p value
Age (per year older) 1.01 (0.96–1.07) 0.748 1.00 (0.94–1.07) 0.956
Study follow-up period (per later period) 0.90 (0.81–1.02) 0.091 0.92 (0.82–1.04) 0.199
Years drug use (per year longer) 0.99 (0.94–1.04) 0.666
Sex (female) 0.80 (0.49–1.32) 0.380 0.78 (0.46–1.32) 0.350
Indigenous identity (Indigenous vs. white) 1.13 (0.66–1.92) 0.662 1.27 (0.75–2.17) 0.375
Other race/ethnicity (other vs. white)a 0.76 (0.35–1.66) 0.485 0.68 (0.31–1.50) 0.346
Highschool education 1.45 (0.93–2.26) 0.102
Employment 1.59 (1.01–2.50) 0.043 1.49 (0.93–2.39) 0.095
Injection drug useb, c 1.23 (0.60–2.54) 0.568
Non-fatal overdosedb, c 1.27 (0.71–2.25) 0.423
Daily illicit opioid useb, c 0.99 (0.55–1.78) 0.975
Weekly heroin or fentanyl useb, c 1.33 (0.75–2.39) 0.332
Weekly NMPO useb, c, d 1.10 (0.52–2.35) 0.797
Weekly cocaine useb, c 0.38 (0.06–2.68) 0.334
Weekly crack useb, c 1.42 (0.62–3.27) 0.408
Weekly CM useb, c, e 1.50 (0.85–2.62) 0.159
Incarcerationb 0.81 (0.46–1.40) 0.441
Homelessnessb 1.45 (0.92–2.27) 0.107
Difficulty accessing servicesb 1.46 (0.89–2.41) 0.135
Ever MMTf 1.54 (0.92–2.58) 0.102
MMTb, f 1.22 (0.75–1.98) 0.417
Detoxificationb 1.79 (0.98–3.29) 0.060 1.98 (1.04–3.77) 0.037
Recovery houseb 1.96 (0.72–5.31) 0.187
Treatment centreb 1.66 (0.62–4.42) 0.314
Counsellorb 1.78 (0.87–3.64) 0.116
NA/CA/AA/SMARTb, g 1.24 (0.56–2.77) 0.599
a.

Other racialized or ethnic identities include Black, Latinx, Middle Eastern, South Asian, and ‘other’ Asian.

b.

Refers to activities in the last six months.

c.

Refers to activities lagged to the previous, available follow-up.

d.

Denotes non-medical prescription opioid use.

e.

Denotes crystal methamphetamine.

f.

Denotes methadone maintenance treatment.

g.

Denotes narcotics anonymous, cocaine anonymous, alcoholics anonymous, and self-management and recovery training.