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. 2023 Dec 20;14:1327875. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327875

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Copyright © 2023 Verheul, Vos, de Rond, De Zeeuw-Brouwer, Nijhof, Smit, Oomen, Molenaar, Bogaard, van Bergen, Middelhof, Beckers, Wijmenga-Monsuur, Buisman, Boer, van Binnendijk, de Wit and Guichelaar

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In children, both infection and immunization contribute to memory B cell responses towards SARS-CoV-2. Spike S1-specific memory B cells are shown for participants with a previous infection (n = 7), before vaccination and 28 days after vaccination (pairwise) (A). Comparison of memory B cells after vaccination for those with (n = 7, right) and without an infection history (n = 7, left) (B). The horizontal lines for panel (B) indicate the medians. For plotting purposes, zeros were assigned to 0.1. Differences between paired samples were investigated using a Wilcoxon Signed rank test. Differences between unpaired groups were investigated with a Mann Whitney U test. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01.