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. 2024 Jan 3;27(1):137–147. doi: 10.1038/s41593-023-01510-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 6 — a,b Ensemble activation during visual stimulus. a: average population response of all (non-targeted) recorded neurons to visual stimulus alone (Gaussian modulated noise of various contrasts) and with concurrent photo-stimulation of 10 neurons with 10 photo-stimulation pulses. b: Mean population response of all non-targeted neurons as a function of their distance from the photo-stimulated ensemble across 0% and 100% contrast. The mean visual response has been subtracted off to facilitate comparison. All other figures are in the absence of visual stimuli. N = 20 Ensembles, 5 FOVs, 3 Mice. c–e Observed decrease in fluorescence is dependent on the number of spikes added. c: In the absence of visual stimuli, number of total pulses added increased overall mean suppression. Mean evoked population response to 10 cell ensemble stimulation, with 1, 5, 10 or 50 pulses per cell. P = 1.97e-7 1-way ANOVA, N = 76 Ensembles, 5 FOVs, 2 Mice. d: Rate of stimulation did not affect the overall mean suppression. Mean evoked population response to 10 cell ensemble driven with 10 pulses at 3, 10, 30 or 50 Hz. P = 0.74 1-way ANOVA, N = 46 Ensembles 2 FOVs, 2 Mice. e: Number of cells stimulated, when holding number of spikes constant, did not change overall suppression. Ensembles of 33 cells driven with 3 pulses, vs 10 cells driven with 10 pulses, vs 3 cells driven with 33 pulses did not recruit a differential amount of suppression. P = 0.78 1-way ANOVA, N = 99 Ensembles, 11 FOVs, 5 Mice. f,g Neuropil correction does not explain suppression. f: Overall average response of non-targeted neurons (n = 138 ensembles, 13 FOVs, 9 Mice), calculated with a variety of neuropil subtraction coefficients. g: Response of non-targeted neurons as a function of distance from stimulated ensemble members (as in Fig. 2a) calculated with a variety of neuropil subtraction coefficients (same ensembles as panel F). All data presented as mean ± SEM.