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. 2023 Dec 4;20(1):13–21. doi: 10.1007/s13181-023-00979-7

Table 2.

Self-reported fentanyl use and urine detection

n %
Opioid of preference
  Heroin 237 98.75
  Fentanyl 3 1.25
When is the last time you used any opioid? n %
  Within the past 24 h (1 day) 220 91.67
  Within the past 48 h (2 days) 11 4.58
  Within the past 72 h (3 days) 0 0.00
  Within the past week (7 days) 6 2.50
  Within the past month (30 days) 1 0.42
  More than a month ago (> 30 days) 1 0.42
  Don’t know/refused 1 0.42
Perceived past year fentanyl exposure n %
  No 154 64.17
  Yes 82 34.17
  Unknown or not sure 3 1.25
  Missing 1 0.42
Fentanyl urinalysis test results n %
  Positive 225 93.75
  Negative 15 6.25
Positive polysubstance urinalysis test results* n %
  Norfentanyl + oxycodone 151 80.70
  Norfenanyl + opioids 102 73.90
  Norfentanyl + stimulant 145 60.70
  Norfentanyl + other non-opioid non-stimulant drug 224 93.70

*Categories total to > 100% because categories are not mutually exclusive