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. 2023 Sep 19;9(12):873–877. doi: 10.1016/j.hrcr.2023.09.007

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A: Bipolar and unipolar signals from the tip of the ablation catheter at one of the sites of ablation failure on the mitral valve annulus. B: Left anterior oblique view showing the ablation catheter at the anterolateral mitral valve (MV) annulus. The distal electrode pair is at the MV annulus while the proximal pair contacts the left atrial tissue more proximally near the base of the left atrial appendage. B, C: Ventricular activation timing was earlier by 14 msec at the proximal pair compared to the distal tip pair, suggesting earlier activation in the appendage. D: Bipolar and Unipolar signals from the tip of the ablation catheter (Abl-unipol) just before ablation at the site of success in the left atrial appendage. Abl dist = distal ablation catheter electrode pair (ABL 1-2); Abl prox = proximal ablation catheter electrode pair (ABL 3-4); Abl unipol = ablation unipolar; CS- Prox = proximal coronary sinus; CS-dist = distal coronary sinus; LLPV = left lower pulmonary vein; LUPV = left upper pulmonary vein; RV = right ventricle.